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AUTHOR: 


MILNE,  G.  GRNNELL 


T//  /  t* 

A   1  I    I  jMJj  • 


LIFE  OF 
LIEUT.- 


IRAL 


PLACE: 


LONDON 


D  A  TE : 


1896 


■.^.».■.aAl&■.*rt^^a[^l,,ll^illli^■^■l^-M^i^EiiLto^i*^ 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  # 


BTBOOGRAPHIC  MICROFORM  TARCFT 


Original  Material  as  Filmed  -  Existing  Bibliographic  Record 


■949.203 
R9493 


Millie,  G  Grinnell. 

Life  of  Lieut-Admiral  de  Riiyter,  by  G.  Grinnell-Milne. 
London,  K.  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  co.,  ltd.,  1896. 

vii  p.,  2  l,  258  p.    front,  (port)  fold,  map,  6  diagr.    21  J* 


.cm 


1.  Ruytcr,  Michicl  Adriaanszoon,  1607-1676. 


Restrictions  on  Use: 


Library  of  Congress 


DJ136.R8M6 


5-23377 


TECHNICAL  MICROFORM  DATA 


FILM     SIZE: -3o_0iivJ REDUCTION     RATIO: 

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PATBBNOSTER  HOUSE,  CHARING  CROSS  ROAD 

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LONDON 
KEGAN   PAUL,  TRENCH,  TEUBNER  &  CO.,  Lt« 

PATERNOSTER   HOUSE,   CHARING   CROSS   ROAD 

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PREFACE. 


-•o*- 


There  is  no  popular  life  of  de  Ruyter  m  English, 
for  the  brief  notices  of  him  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica"  and  ''Chambers's  Encyclopaedia" 
can  hardly  be  so  described. 

This  is  all  the  more  strange,  as,  during  part 
of  his  career,  Holland  was  the  greatest  seafaring 
nation  in  Europe,  and  de  Euyter  was  the  greatest 
of  the  Dutch  Admirals.* 

So  much  were  Englishmen  of  that  day  im- 
pressed by  his  great  abilities,  and  his  simple 
and  manly  character,  that  an  English  biography 
appeared  soon  after  he  died,  published  by  Dorman 
Newman,  "  for  J.  B.,"  in  IGTT.f 

*  There  is  a  general  agreement  that  de  Ihiyter  is  the 
foremost  figure,  not  only  in  the  Dutch  service,  but  among 
all  the  naval  officers  of  that  age.  Mahan's  "  Influence  of 
Sea  Power  upon  History,"  p.  116. 

t  In  1676  there  was  published  in  Amsterdam  "  Leeven 
en  Daden  Der  Doorluchtighste  Zee-Helden,"  by  V.  D.  B. 
(Lambert  van  den  Bos),  dedicated  to  de  Ruyter's  son.  This 
contains  his  first  biography. 


n 


PREFACE. 


It  is  now  almost  unknnwn  outside  of  the  British 
Museum,  but  the  Dutch  *'  Life  of  de  Ruyter,"  by 
Gerard  Brandt,  which  was  published  in  Amsterdam 
in  1687,  remains  the  chief  authority  on  the 
subject. 

Two  other  Dutcli  biographies  of  importance, 
by  Belinfante,  1852,  and  Looman,  1860,  are 
well  known  in  Holland.* 

The  following  pages,  representing  with  some 
additions  a  Lecture  prepared  for  the  working- 
men  of  Svdeiihiim,  are  therefor©  offered,  not  as 
the  work  of  an  expert  in  naval  warfare,  but 
as  a  simple  story  of  the  life  of  a  very  great  man. 
The  lessons  of  sucli  a  life  and  of  that  portion  of 
tlie  histories  of  his  own  and  of  this  country,  in 
wliich  he  played  a  |art,  tell  themselves. 

The  importance  of  the  command  of  the  sea 
to  the  greatest  maritime  community,  and  the 
necessity  of  maintaining  an  efficient  guard  over 
the  commerce  of  a  State  whose  dominions  lie 
in  both  hemispheres,  are  self-evident  in  any 
clear  view  of  the  life  of  de  Ruyter. 

*  De  IjieiVifVs  "  Pamons  Dutch  Admirals,"  of  which  an 
English  traiiv^iuiKiii  \vua  published  by  Strahan  4  Co.,  pre- 
supposes a  general  knowledge  of  incidents  and  dates  in  the 
reader  which  lie  occasionally  does  not  possess,  and  is  sadly 
wanting  in  dates  and  figures.     It  is  now  out  of  print. 


PREFACE. 


VU 


Every  care  has  been  taken  to  give  a  fair 
picture  of  the  great  contest  between  the  Dutch 
and  English,  and  evidence  on  both  sides  has 
been  duly  sifted  before  an  opinion  has  been 
given.  Where  doubt  still  exists,  both  stories 
are  told. 

To  the  writer  s  English  and  Dutch  friends,  he 
is  much  indebted  for  their  kindly  help  in  this 
and  other  matters  relating  to  the  work. 

The  name  Holland,  when  used  in  these  pages 
without  the  prefix  or  limitation  of  State,  or 
Province,  means  the  Seven  United  Provinces. 
When  qualified  as  State,  or  Province,  it  refers 
only  to  the  Province  from  which  the  whole 
country  was  eventually  to  take  its  name. 


1 


,/'  'V 


-■*■..  '■>: 


''•■-  ■  #'i 


1 


CONTENTS. 


-*<>•- 


Apprenticeship  in  Navigation 

Apprenticeship  in  Naval  Warfark 

A  Necessary  Leader 

At  the  Summit 

"The  Good  Father"  of  the  Fleet 

"Adieu  for  Ever"  ... 


Appendices 


PAOB 
1 

18 

61 
115 

...     163 
202 


I'-^ritJCi^iSlS^S'iii.  je-f 


LIST   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Lieut.-Admiral  de  Kuyter,  after  Bol  ...        Froniispkce 

Map  of  the  North  Sea,  from  the   Admiralty  Chart 

To  face  page     1 


Diagrams : 


Plymouth,  August  20,  1652  ... 
Portland,  February  28,  1653 
Four  Days'  Fight,  June  11,  1666 
North  Foreland,  August  4,  1666 
KiJKDUiN,  August  21,  1673    ... 
Stromboli,  January  8,  1676 


32 
42 
122 
142 
196 
226 


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LIFE  OF  LIEUT.  ADMIRAL  DE  RUYTER. 


-•O*- 


AppRKNTicEsriip  ix  Navigation, 

YOUTTl —  ARMED  TRADING MATRIMONY. 

MiCHiEL  Adriaanszoon  DE  RuYTER  sprang  from 
the  very  poorest  of  the  people. 

There  is  a  story  told  by  "J.  B."  in  Dorman 
Newman's  book,  to  the  effect  that  he  was  de- 
scended from  a  Scotch  trooper  serving  in  Holland, 
but  this  is  Hot  countenanced  by  the  Dutch  writers. 

His  grandfather  was  certainly  a  man  called 
Michiel,  who  had  no  surname,  and  therefore 
styled  himself  from  his  own  father's  name,  the 
son  of  Adrlaan,  or  in  full,  Michiel  Adriaanszoon. 

This  Michiel  Adriaanszoon  served  his  time  in 
the  army,  and  did  his  share  of  fighting  against 
the  Spaniards  through  that  most  heroic  of  all 
struggles,  in  which  Holland  made  herself  a  great 


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2  LIFE  OF  DE   IIUYTE?.. 

nation.     He  liad  settled  on  a  very  small  flirm  at 
Bergen  op  Zoom,  iu  the  province  of  lirabaut. 

One  incident  of  his  life  is  preserved.     Besides 
his  wife,  lie  had  one  servant  to  help  him;  two 
horses  formed  liis  principal  stock  in  trade.     These 
were  stolen  from  him,  so  violent  were  the  manners 
of  the  time,  by  men  of  his  own  regiment,  which 
seemed  to  be  short  of  horses ;  but  when  he  had 
discovered  tlieir  whereabouts,  he  promptly  stole 
them  back,  and  hid  them  at  a  distance  from  his 
own  buildings.     The  military  robbers,  suspecting 
Michiel,  and  unable  to  get   the   animals   again, 
now  set  fire  to  his  house.     In  the  excitement  of 
the  moment  the  little  household  forgot  the  baby, 
but  the  wife,  rushing  tlirougli  the  flames,  found 
tlie  child  and  threw  him  out  of  the  window  to 
Michiel,  who,  witli  the  servant,  stood  below,  and 
caught  him  in  the  blanket.     The  mother  jumped 
out  afterwards,  and  was  also  saved. 

The  kindness  of  the  townsmen  of  Bergen  op 
Zoom  alone  helped  Michiel  through  his  troubles. 

The  child  was  named  Adriaan  ^lichielszoon, 
and  he,  after  commencing  life  as  a  sailor,  in 
time  became  a  beer  carrier  in  Flushing.  He 
had  married  in  1598  Alida  Jans,  who  died  with 
her  first  child,  and,  if  we  may  credit  Brandt,  he 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION. 


^ 
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married  again  (in  1601)  another  Alida  Jans.    Bv 

this  last  marriage  he  had  eleven  children,  of 
whom  the  fourth  ^Michiel  xidriaanszoon  de  Ruyter, 
born  at  eight  in  the  morning  on  the  24th  of 
^Farch,  1607,  alone  concerns  us.  The  boy  got 
the  surname  of  de  Ruyter  from  his  mother,  whose 
fother  was  a  trooper,  and  was  therefore  called 
de  Ruyter,  i.e.  the  rider. 

No  spot  could  have  been  chosen  fitter  to  nurse 
the  spirit  of  a  future  admiral  than  Flushing. 
Looking  out  morning  or  evening  across  the 
yellow  sands  of  the  Isle  of  Walcheren,  on  which 
the  town  is  built,  his  eye  could  catch  sight  of 
the  Dutch  Argosies  returning  laden  with  the 
wealth  of  the  Indies,  or  passing  down  channel 
with  the  output  of  Dutch  markets. 

The  province  of  Zealand  had  produced  its  full 
share  of  the  famous  "  Zee  helden  "  (sea  heroes), 
who  carried  the  guardian  flag  of  Holland  to' 
protect  her  commercial  fleets. 

In  the  streets  of  the  old  town  the  solid  burgers, 
whose  traffic  was  across  sea,  would  impress  the 
young  mind  with  the  wonders  of  the  world 
beyond  the  water,  and  encourage  that  business 
energy  so  firmly  rooted  in  the  Dutch,  and  because 
associated   with   a   character    so   simple   and   so 


.  TJ-'-"<.r.»aff 


4  LIFE   OF  DE   RUYTEIl. 

open,  often  misread  by  the  more  complex  iMiglish 
nature,  wliicli  constantly  clothes  tlie  idea  of  a 
Dutchman  in  a  short  square  body  seated  on  a 
barrel,  and  eternally  engaged  in  the  study  of 
a  clay  pipe  of  abnormal  dimensions. 

Never  was  there  a  lazier,  more  inattentive 
schoolboy  than  young  de  Ruyter,  but  was  a 
trick  to  be  played  on  the  master  or  a  boy  to 
be  fought,  none  more  ready  for  the  fun  that  he. 
At  ten  years  of  age,  when  workmen  were  repair- 
ing the  principal  steeple  of  Flushing,  he  climbs 
the  scaffolding,  and  then  mounts  the  ladder  to 
the  cross  on  the  dizzy  pinnacle  above.  Honest 
burgers  of  tlie  good  town  see  a  little  figure  there, 
calling  out  some  boyish  impertinence,  while  he 
waves  liis  cap  without  the  slightest  indication 
of  fear.  Now,  tired  of  his  fun,  he  prepares  to 
descend.  The  upturned  fiices  of  the  crowd  afford 
no  encouragement,  for  it  can  be  seen  that  the 
workmen  have  removed  the  ladder,  and  the  boy 
must  slide  down  the  steeple  as  best  lie  can.  With 
his  nail-shod  boot  lie  kicks  away  a  slate,  and  his 
loot  rests  on  the  wooden  bar  that  was  under  it, 
then  his  other  foot  is  lowered,  and  again  a  slate 
crashes  into  the  street,  while  he  still  finds  footing 
on  the  thin  supports  beneath,  and  so  as  slate  by 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION. 


5 


.) 


slate  falls,  de  Ruyter  slowly  moves  down  the 
steeple,  reaches  the  scaffolding,  and  from  thence 
the  street,  where  his  father  takes  possession  of 
him.  Little  did  the  stolid  townsmen  realize  that 
a  great  admiral  had  signalled  his  good  morrow 
to  the  world,  and  if  they  had  known  so  much, 
they  would  wrongly  have  argued  an  overweening 
ambition  in  the  boy,  the  very  thing  which  was 
not  to  be  a  feature  in  the  character  of  the  man. 
Courage  and  cool-headed,  unerring  resource  in 
the  presence  of  great  danger,  then  and  always 
were  the  characteristics  of  de  Ruyter.  Soon 
after  the  incident  of  the  steeple,  the  boy  was 
put  to  work  in  the  rope-making  business  of 
the  Lampens,  at  a  stuiver  (a  penny)  a  day; 
but  as  he  was  still  longing  for  the  sea,  and  as 
the  ropemakers  were  quite  willing  to  let  him 
go,  he  went  in  his  eleventh  year,  as  boatswain's 
mate's  boy.*  At  once  the  restless  ne'er-do-well 
is  converted  into  a  hard-working,  willing,  intelli- 
gent sailor.  He  has  found  his  path  in  life — a 
tempestuous  one — but  he  is  content  to  follow  it. 
His  companion  in  the  first  voyage  is  said  to 

*  The  old  rope-making  establishment,  now  disused,  still 
stands,  and  the  wheel  de  Ruyter  worked,  long  known  as 
"  het  Euitertje,"  the  little  Ruyter,  has  been  preserved,  and  is 
the  property  of  the  Zeeuwsche  Genootschap,  in  Middelburgh. 


6  LIFE   OF   DE   KUYTER. 

have  been  a  little  negro,  baptized  Jan  Company 
(John  Company),  in  accordance  with  the  custom 
of  the  Dutcli  East  India  Company,  of  whom  we 
shall  hear  more,  forty  years  later  on. 

In  his  fifteenth  year,  1622,  de  Iluyter,  with 
some  other  sailors,  is  called  upon  to  do  some 
fighting  on  shore.  lie  first  figured  as  a  gunner 
and  was  sent  into  Cleves,  and  then  to  Bergen  op 
Zoom,  which  the  Spanish  General  Spinola  was 
besieging.  The  full  pay  wliich  lie  received, 
though  so  young,  proves,  if  proof  were  wanted, 
his  courage  and  activity.  He  managed  to  buy 
a  horse,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the  sorties 
which  the  garrison  made.  About  this  time  he 
became  a  boatswain  on  a  man  of  war,  and  again 
his  courage  marks  him  out  from  among  his 
comrades.  In  boarding  a  Spanish  vessel  he  was 
wounded  in  tlie  head  by  a  pike,  the  only  wound, 
it  has  been  said,  that  he  received  from  an  enemy, 
till  his  death. 

Shortly  after  tliis  he  was  taken  prisoner  and 
landed  on  the  Biscay  coast,  whence,  with  two 
companions,  he  made  his  way  liome  on  foot 
through  Spain,  France,  and  Belgium.  Each  of 
them  took  his  turn  at  begging  during  their 
weary  march. 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION.  7 

His  old  friends  the  Lampsens,  Cornelis,  and 
Adriaan,  now  gave  de  Ruyter  a  post  on  one  of 
their  vessels.  He  remained  with  them  for  some 
years,  in  which,  we  are  told,  he  applied  himself 
carefully  to  the  study  of  navigation. 

The  attention  which  he  gave  to  all  matters 
bearing  on  seamanship  during  these  years  of 
his  life,  of  which  we  have  barely  notes  enough 
to  furnish  the  headings  of  chapters,  was  to  bear 
fruit  in  his  consummate  handling  of  the  fleets 
committed  to  his  care  at  a  later  date. 

We  now  get  a  glimmering  of  what  appears 
clearly  in  subsequent  years,  namely,  the  fact  that 
de  Euyter  was  beginning  to  reconcile  himself 
to  the  idea  of  home  life,  for  we  find  him  marry- 
ing Marie  Yelters  of  Grijpskerk,  on  the  16th  of 
March,  1631. 

Marie's  death  left  him  a  childless  widower  ten 
months  later.  De  Ruyter  now  became  a  pilot 
for  a  time,  but  in  1633  he  went  to  G-reenland 
(as  steersman,  says  Looman)  on  the  Green  Lion 
(G.  Brandt,  p.  6). 

As  captain,  in  1635,  he  sailed  for  the  Straits 
of  Magellan,  where  he  narrowly  escaped  ship- 
wreck among  the  icebergs.  From  the  icebergs 
to  matrimony  was  a  natural  transition. 


(t  I" 


t 


I 


P^^'\-  ^'^''^i"  "  -il^-*  "  ^%^'-'^?^i^ 


8 


LIFE   OF   l>i:    IIUYTER. 


Our   hero   f( )r  a  second  time  braved  tlio  holy 
state  in  IGoG  witli  ronu'li* ^  I^iigels  of  Fhisliiiig'. 

For   f'nrrfppii   ye;irs  tliefr   irmtnnl    lia])HMif^Rs   was 

complete,  a iid  only  terminated  \vi th  Cornelie's 
deatli.  Tlie  yciir  after  tliis  marriage  de  Ruyter 
was  a':':n*n  on  tl  ea,  commanding  one  of  two 
vessels  lilted  out  1 >y  the  merchants  of  Flushing 
to  cniise  in  tlic  Clianiiel,  \\lnch  was  infested  by 
French  piiiates  from  Dunkiilc.  A  mutiny  soon 
stopped  his  cruising,  after  he  had  taken  one 
vessel  says  lirandt,  and  lie  was  chased  home  by 
tliirteen  Dunkirk  privateers.  His  biographers 
know  nothing  about  the  years  1638  and  1639, 
but  in  1640  and  1041,  commanding  one  of  the 
Lampsens  vessels,  lie  went  out  to  Brazil  twice. 

His  careful  nautical  observations  corrected 
several  errors  in  tlie  maps  at  that  time  in  use 
in  Holland,  and  tlie  Duteli  maps  were  then  the 
best  in  the  world.  Am'^^^*^'  other  things  he 
proved  that  the  Antilles  were  about  130  leagues 
nearer  the  east  than  the  geographers  had  said. 
Hardly  was  de  Ihiyter  a  niontli  at  home,  when 
he  was  appointed  captain  of  the  Haas  (the  hare) 
and  rear-admiral      vi'  a  squadron  sent  to  assist 

*  More    correctly    describeJ    in    Dntcli   as   "  Scliout-by- 
naclit." 


M 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NATIGATION.  9 

tlie  Portuguese  (now  independent  of  Spain)  in 
their  struggle  with  that  power.  Holland  sent 
fifteen  warships,  Jind  Portugal  was  to  provide 
as  many  more. 

The  Portuguese  fleet  not  being  at  Lisbon,  the 
Dutch  cruised  along  tlie  coast  to  meet  it.  Be- 
tween Ayamonte  and  Cape  St.  Vincent,  their 
vessels  in  three  divisions  swept  a  line  of  about 
twelve  lea ir lies  of  sea.  When  near  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent,  about  midnight  on  the  3rd  of  November, 
the  fires  of  the  Spanish  fleet  were  seen.  There 
were  witli  the  Spaniards  some  ships  from  Dun- 
kirk, making  their  nnmbers  up  to  twenty-four 
sail. 

By  eight  next  morning  the  Dutch  had  brought 
on  the  action,  and  one  of  their  vessels  being 
wedged  in  between  two  of  the  enemy,  immedi- 
ately lost  her  foremast.  De  Euyter  came  to  her 
rescue,  but  his  vessel  was  speedily  pierced  in 
six  places  under  water,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
retire  to  stop  the  leaks;  when  this  was  accom- 
plished, he  again  passed  through  the  Spanish 
fleet  in  his  endeavour  to  assist  another  Dutch 
vessel,  which  had  replaced  him  and  had  been  sunk 
soon  after  by  the  enemy.  Although  some  of 
the  Dutch  captains  had  kept  disgracefully  aloof 


I 


B 


10 


LIFE  OF   DE    IlUYTEli. 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION. 


11 


i|L 


from  tlje  figlit,  those  wlio  engaged,  after  a  hard 
struggle  and  the  loss  of  two  ships,  compelled  the 
Spaniards  to  retire.  The  Spanish  loss  was  said 
to  be  two  ships  and  1100  men.  De  Ruyter, 
wliose  vessel  was  so  full  of  water  as  to  spoil  his 
powder,  was  the  most  conspicuous  figure  in  the 
figlit.  The  Dutch  did  not  pursue  tlie  Spaniards, 
but  went  north  to  Lisl )on,  where  de  Ruyter's 
vessel  was  beached  and  found  to  be  even  more 
damaged  than  had  been  suspected.  Nothing  but 
his  care  liad  saved  her.  The  King  of  Portugal 
showered  lionours  upon  liis  Dutch  protector. 
Early  in  January,  1G42,  the  fleet  sailed  for 
Fhishing,  where  it  arrived  after  a  stormy  voyage 
in  thirteen  days. 

De  Ruyter  again  entered  the  servico  of  the 
Lampsens  in  1C43,  and  remained  wdtli  them  till 
1051,  makini;:  a  c^reat  number  of  vovai^es  in  tliat 
time  to  tlie  Mediterranean  and  the  AVest  Indies, 
etc.,  but  owing  to  his  modesty  in  destroying  all 
his  notes  of  these  busy  }  ears,  when  he  became 
more  famous,  for  fear  that  historians  should 
spin  long  stories  out  of  them,  we  hnow  very 
little  of  his  adventures  in  this  period. 

In  1G48  tlie  seal  was  afExed  to  the  independence 
of  the  United  Provinces  by  the  treaty  of  Munster, 


by  which  Spain,  after  eighty  years  of  almost 
continuous  war,  recognized  them  as  free  and 
sovereign  States.  At  the  beginning  of  that 
w\ar,  Spain  held  the  highest  position  among  the 
nations  of  the  world.  At  the  end  of  it,  Holland 
had  almost  driven  her  flag  from  the  seas,  and 
was  for  the  moment  the  greatest  power  on  the 
ocean.  De  Ruyter  lost  his  much-loved  second 
wife,  September  25,  1G50  (Brandt,  p.  14).  He 
had  already  decided  to  give  up  the  sea,  and  it 
may  well  have  been  his  intense  grief  which  drove 
him  forth  to  the  last  of  his  trading  voyages  in 
the  following  year,  to  the  Barbary  coast  and  the 
Antilles. 

Among  the  anecdotes  relating  to  the  Barbary 
voyages  which  reach  us  without  dates,  but  attach 
to  the  period  ending  with  the  year  1651,  are  the 
following. 

Returning  from  Salee — then  a  very  important 
port  of  Barbary — he  was  stopped  by  a  fleet  of 
French  pirates.  Going  on  board  the  captain's 
vessel  to  inquire  the  reason,  de  Ruyter  was 
asked  significantly  whether  he  felt  thirsty.  He 
replied  that  he  would  drink  willingly.  "  Wine 
or  water?"  inquired  his  captor.  "If  I'm  a 
prisoner,"  said    de   Ruyter,   "give    me    water ; 


12 


LIFE   OF  DE   EUYTEII. 


but  if  Vm  free,  give  me  wine/'  and  tlie  pirate, 
struck  with  liis  ready  confidence,  gave  him  wine 
and  his  freedom.  Some  years  after  de  liuyter 
himself  captured  the  pirate. 

It  was  de  Itiiyter's  custom  on  his  voyages  to 
trade  for  his  employers,  and  on  one  occasion  the 
chief  of  a  town  in  liarbary  offered  liim  very 
much  less  than  value  for  a  piece  of  English  cloth 
whicli  he  had  witli  him,  and  an  angry  discussion 
was  thi.  insult.  De  liuyter  continued  to  refuse 
to  take  the  price  named,  and  said  he  would  prefer 
to  give  the  cloth  away.  Tliis  added  to  the  heat 
of  the  interview,  and  de  Ruyter  was  threatened 
with  imprisonment,  but  in  vain.  "  Were  I  on 
my  ship,"  he  said,  "  you  would  not  threaten  me 
thus."  He  would  not  accept  the  terms,  and  the 
chief  was  forced  to  retire  to  anotlier  room, 
gnashing  his  teeth  and  stamping  his  feet  with 
rage.  Some  time  after  lie  returned,  and  finding 
de  Ruyter  still  firm,  he  turned  to  his  friends 
and  said,  "  See  how  generous  and  faithful  this 
Christian  is  to  his  masters;  w^ould  any  of  you 
do  as  much  for  me  if  occasion  offered?"  He 
entered  into  the  most  solemn  vows  of  friendship 
with  de  Ruyter,  who  was  henceforth  treated 
with  the  greatest  consideration  by  the  Moors. 


, 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION. 


13 


Another  occasion  was  to   render  Mm  famous 

on  the  Barbary  coast,  when  he  drove  before 
him  on  the  Salamander  five  Algerian  privateers 
who  had  attacked  liim  off  the  town  of  Salee  (in 
full  sight  of  the  Moors,  who  thronged  the  shores), 
and  triumphantly  entered  the  harbour.  Then 
the  enthusiastic  populace  insisted  on  conducting 
him  on  horseback  through  the  town.  When,  at 
another  time,  he  w^as  shipwrecked  near  Salee, 
the  MooYs  proved  their  real  admiration  for  him 
by  collecting  all  the  fragments  of  his  sliip  and 
all  the  cargo,  so  that  he  lost  nothing  but  the 
vessel.  Having  bought  an  old  boat  and  repaired 
her,  he  managed  to  reach  home  with  a  good 
profit. 

The  dangers  of  navigation  at  this  period  were 
increased  for  the  Dutch  by  the  privateers  with 
which  the  French  from  Dunkirk,  thou^rh  in 
alliance  with  the  Seven  Provinces,  attacked  their 
trade,  and  it  required  every  artifice  of  trading 
captains  to  escape  them.  Provided  with  the 
flags  of  the  principal  European  nations,  a  Dutch 
trader  w^ould  be  seen  flying  the  English  flag  at 
one  moment,  or  the  French  at  the  next,  or  would 
alter  her  sails  to  resemble  a  man-of-war  (the 
merchant  ship  carried  guns),  as  occasion  suited. 


i 


11 


LIFE   OF   DE  EUYTER. 


Eetiirniiig  with  a  cargo  of  Imttev  from  Ireland, 
de  Ruyter  was  being*  caught  by  a  well-armed 
privateer,  when  as  qiiiclvl}'  as  possil )le  he  smeared 
his  entire  deck  witli  butter,  and  ordered  all  hands 
below.  The  pirates  boarded,  but  not  a  man 
could  keep  his  feet  on  tlie  buttery  deck,  and 
tliey  were  glad  to  get  back  to  their  own  vessel, 
leaving  de  ltuyter\s  mysterious  craft,  with  deck 
as  slippery  as  ice  and  not  a  man  visible,  to  sail 
away  unmolested. 

In  a  modern  account  of  tliis  occurrence — de 
Liefde's  ''Famous  Dutch  Admirals"  (Eng.  ed. 
out  of  print)-— it  is  said  that  the  superstitious 
fear  of  the  Dunkirk  sailors  was  the  cause  of 
their  leaving  so  ([uickly  the  deck  on  wlricli  they 
could  not  stand. 

When  de  Iluvter  returned  from  the  last  of 
his  trading  voyages  in  1G:»I,  his  innate  fond- 
ness for  the  simple  home  life,  the  sight  of  the 
motherless  children,  the  vacant  place  in  the  home, 
and  [)erhaps  the  thought  of  the  entire  happiness 
of  his  two  former  marriages,  drew  him  again  into 
tlioughts  of  matrimony. 

Anne  van  Gelder,  the  widow  of  Jan  Pauluszoon, 
one  of  the  Lampsen's  captains,  of  the  same  brave, 
poor   hardworking   class   as   de   Ruyter,  became 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVIGATION. 


15 


' 


liis  third  wife  early  in  1G52.  Now,  for  the  third 
time,  the  marriage  vow  was  to  go  hand  in 
hand  with  the  happiness  of  the  gallant  sailor. 
Two  daughters  were  the  fruit  of  this  union.  It 
was  customary  at  this  time  for  Dutch  parents, 
shortly  after  the  birtli  of  a  cliild,  to  receive  their 
friends  during  several  days,  when  a  certain  drink 
called  "  kandeel ''  was  provided,  among  the  in- 
gredients of  wbicli  were  egg,  brandy,  and 
nutmeg.  The  happy  father,  arrayed  in  a  cap 
trimmed  with  lace,  and  known  as  a  "  kraam- 
heerenmuts,"  or  gentleman's  confinement  cap,, 
stirred  and  served  the  beverage  himself.*  The 
reception  and  the  "  kandeel "  are  still  institutions 
in  Holland,  thougli  the  father's  part  in  the 
ceremony  has  lapsed.  De  Euyter  was  now  in 
his  forty-fifth  year;  his  naturally  sound  con- 
stitution had  resisted  all  the  strains  to  which  it 
had  been  subjected.  Brandt's  description  of  his 
general  appearance  agrees  with,  amplifies,  and 
strengthens  the  presentment  of  the  portraits.f    Of 

*  Dr.  Scliotel,  Oiule  Zedeii  in  Gebniiken,  quoting  from 
"  The  Ten  Delights  of  Matrimony,"  a  Dutch  work  dated  1678. 

t  The  principal  portrait  of  de  Kuytcr,  is  the  large  picture 
by  Ferdinand  Bol  in  the  Mauritslmis,  at  the  IIag--:e.  In  the 
same  collection  there  is  another  less  important  one,  by  the 
same  master,  two  pictures  dealing  with   the  "four  days" 


'I 


16 


LIFE  OF   DE   KUYTEE. 


4PPKENTICESIIIP  IN  NAVIGATIOX. 


|l| 


mediuiii  height,  the  robustness  of  his  well-made 
frame  withdrew  nothing  from  his  natural  agility, 
while  his  lar;-'-  square  forehead  dominating  the 
piercing  brown  eyes  wliich  looked  forth  from 
a  rather  liigh  -  coloured  face,  accentuated  the 
expression  of  power  in  tlie  forcible  lower  lip 
and  chin.  The  short,  tliiclc  nioustaclie,  turned 
up  at  the  ends  (as  r,raudt  s^--  in  the  manner  of 
tlie  earlier  mariners),  allowed  the  genial   curves 

ficrlit,"  by  Win.  van  de  V<  1,lo  de  Joiii^e,  who  was  present  on 
that  occasion,  and  a  picuu.:  -i  ...^  burn-  ■•  -«f  the  English 
fleet  at  Chatham,  by  Jan  Teeters  (1G24  to  lu77).  The  van 
der  Hnnp  collection  contains  another  .lo  liuyter  picture  by 
Bob  At  Luu  uc  liuyter  Kxhil)it;..ii  in  Flushing;  in  1894,  which 
was  initiated  by  the  energy  oi  uic  v\  <ll-known  and  popular 
Burgomaster,  Mr.  Tuteiii  Nolthenius,  the  ftjllowing  portraits 
were  lent  by  the  owners  :— 

IJe  Kuyter  in  his  I  i  .  ,  tr,  Berchmans,  th.;  property  of 
Jlir  mr.  van  Kiemsdyk. 

De  Knyter,  by  unkudwu,  the  property  ol  Koninklyk  In- 
stituut  voor  de  Marine  te  Willenisc^ord. 

De   liuytor,  copy  of  i>urH  |juiuciu,   luv  pivpcrty  ot   the 

province  of  Zealand. 

A  represt  ntatioTi  ( )f  the  principal  admirals,  de  Ruyter  in 
the  middle,  the  pLi^Mty  of  the  Douair,  Jhr.  clo  Jonge  nee 
Kock,  at  the  Hague,  ltU>9. 

Action  at  Chatham,  1607,  Jan  van  Leyden,  the  property 
of  tlie  Zeeuwsch  Gen.  tr  31iddelburg. 

Sea  fight  at  Messina,  the  property  of  the  de  Ruyter  de 
Wildt  family,  Flushing. 


17 


1 


1 


of  the  upper  lip,  almost  amounting  to  a  smile, 
to  bear  their  full  value   in   the   impression   con- 
veyed  by  his   eminently  striking   physiognomy. 
A  slight  tremor  was  noticeable  at  times  in  his 
limbs,  the    result   of  having   eaten   a   poisonous 
fish    in    his    youth,    but    his    constitution    was 
powerful  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  enabled  him 
to  sustain   any  fotigue  and   exposure.     At  last, 
in  1G52,  de  liuyter  expects  to  give  up  his  old 
life.     He  will  renounce  the   sea   for   ever.     But 
hardly  has   lie   settled   down   at   home,  when   a 
cause  more  powerful  than  himself  cancels  all  his 
resolutions.     His  country,  at  war  with  England, 
calls  him  to   command  an  important  section   of 
the  fleet,  and  duty — not  ambition — always  more 
powerful  than  personal  comfort  with  him,  compels 
him  to  go. 


c 


1  5 


'■^s^sji--W*s^V;;'  *\-!t.^?ff7vw 


if' 


1 8 


LIFE  OF   1 


„UYTER. 


Apprentici:shii'  in  Naval  Wakfakk. 

,,.v,,.ri      li-oTi-riniN  or  ti:amv--commaM'  of  the 

THE   E N < :  L I  ^  n    (^  U  A 11 1  Ih L—  I  I ^<>  i  l'^"  " * '  -^ 

,,..    ,   iiTpn TiF"FKAT — I'EACE. 

To  understand  the  can--  of  England's  quarrel 
with  Holland,  ^^•e   must   look   back   seme   years 

from  1G52. 

No    nation    had    cv,  r    .'volved    from    smaller 
beginnings  such  a  commercial  and   political  as- 
cendancy   as    that   which    the    Dutch    had   now 
attained.     They  h.vd   to  create  a  large   part   of 
the  very  land   on   which   they  existed-and   by 
unceasing  efforts  alone  could  they  keep  the  sea 
from  again  submerging  it.     Neither  the  climate 
nor  the  soil,  however  carefully  studied,  enabled 
the  inhabitants  to  produce  enough  food  to  support 
the  growth  of  the  population.     Happily  the  im- 
portlnt  streams  of  the  llhine,  the  Maas,  and  the 
Scheldt,  at  an  early  date,  put  the  inhabitants  of 
the  Netherlands  in  touch  with  the  arte  and  trade 
of    Eastern    and    Southern  Europe.     Thus  the 


( 


\ 


1 


APrRENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


19 


Levant,  Venice,  Nuremberg,  Cologne,  with  many 
another   busy   and   ancient    centre    of   trade   or 
learning,  exclianged  their  products  for  those  of 
Bruges,  Ghent,  Antwerp,  Dordrecht,  Delft,  Ley- 
den,  or  Haarlem,  while  further  north,  what  was 
called  the  **  Eastern  trade  "  in  corn,  timber,  furs, 
etc.,   with   the  i)eople   of   the   Baltic   sea,   from 
Bremen,    Hamburg,    Lubeck,    and    Dantzic,    all 
passed  through  Holland,  whose  energetic  citizens 
purchased  their  wools  in  England  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  sent  us  their  fruits,  their  fish,  or  their 
manufactures,  in  return. 

One  of  the  greatest  of  the  Dutch  industries 
(probably  the  greatest),  the  herring  fishery,  carried 
on  by  them  off  the  Shetland  Islands,  was  rapidly 
preparing  a  race  of  hardy  seamen,  and  when  the 
intolerable  despotism  of  their  Spanish  rulers  had 
goaded   them   into   Avar,   they   found   their   true 
defence  lay  on  the  sea.     Later  on,  when  Antwerp 
fell   into    the   hands    of    Spain,    her    merchants 
emigrated   to   Amsterdam,   taking    their  wealth 
and  their  business  with  them.    The  same  thing 
happened  with  the  Portuguese  Jews,  who  were 
expelled  by  the  cruelties  of  the  Inquisition  from 
Portugal.     They  brought  the  trade  of  the  Medi- 
terranean to  swell  the  commerce  of  Amsterdam, 


r 


20 


LIFE  OF  DE  EUYTER. 


which  became  the  biisiiiess  centre  of  the  world. 
As  the  eighty  years'  war  for  liberty  progressed 
with  Spain,  the  Dutch  Navy  and  Merchant  Marine 
grew  in  importance. 

Before  161G,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  his  ''Ob- 
servations touching   Trade  and  Commerce   with 
Holland,"  dedicated  to  James  I.,  had  said,  that 
while  England  sent  only  100  sliips  annually  to 
the  Baltic,  the  Dutch  sent  3000  tliere,  and  then 
with  the  Baltic  commodities  they  filled  2000  other 
vessels  yearly  and  sent  tliem  to  France  and  Spain, 
PortuG-al  and  Italy.     Raleigli  had  also  said  that 
they  built  nearly  1000  ships  every  year.     If  tliere 
was  a  pardonable  exaggeration  in  these  figures, 
we  must  still  admit  tliat  the  entire  carrying  trade 
of  the  world  had  passed  into  Dutcli  hands.     A 
distinguished  modern  writer  (A  Lefevre  Pontalis, 
"  Vie  de  Jean  de  Witt,"  vol.  i.  p.  141)  estimates  the 
value  of  the  merchandize  thus  placed  iu  their  hands 
at  1,000,000,000  frs.  (say  £-40,000,000  circa). 

Nor  was  this  trade  confined  to  Europe.  In 
1596  the  Dutch  landed  in  Java,  and  in  1602 
their  East  India  Co.  was  founded  in  Amsterdam,* 
followed  in  1G07  by  their  West  India  Co.,  which 

♦  Dr.  J.  A.  Wynne, "  Algemecne  Gescliiedenis  Derde  Deel," 
p.  53. 


f\ 


t 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVAL  WARFARE.  21 

established  their  trade  with  Brazil.  They  dis- 
covered and  named  such  widely  distant  places 
as  Vancouver's  Island  and  Tan  Dieman's  Land. 
They  had  preceded  England  in  nearly  every 
quarter  of  the  globe,  and  they  had  shown  us 
the  way  in  nearly  every  art  and  industry,  in 
religious  toleration,  in  good  government,  and  in 
law.  They  had,  however,  established  insupport- 
able monopolies  in  trade  with  the  Spice  Islands 
and  other  places,  and  had  thereby  thrown  down 
a  challenge  we  were  not  slow  to  pick  up,  but  it 
must  be  admitted  that  our  own  East  India  Com- 
pany was  apparently  based  on  the  principle  of 
excluding  not  only  foreigners  but  Englishmen 
from  profitable  trade  in  the  East. 

The  Dutch,  freed  from  the  Spanish  yoke,  had 
formed  themselves  into  a  Republic  or  combina- 
tion of  Republics,  under  a  Stadholder  or  Viceroy, 
the  name  which  had  formerly  been  given  to  the 
ruler  appointed  by  Spain  to  govern  them. 

The  new  State  was  called  the  United  Provinces, 
and  the  assembly  of  their  deputies,  called  the  States 
General,  was  referred  to  as  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses.*    The  provinces  were  seven  in  number, 

*  This  body  contained  at  first  over  800  members,  but 
afterwards  it  was  agreed  tliat  some  30  to  40  deputies  from 


1 


IF '10'  "lfci"*"pi"ii''ijr 


It 


i(.' 


QQ 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


VIZ.  Holland,  Zealand,  Gueldrelaiid,  Utrecht, 
Gronino-en,  ()\       >sel,  and  Friesland. 

The  continued  successes  of  their  navy  against 
Spain,  and  tlie  growth  of  tlieir  commerce,  had 
gone  hand  in  liand,  till  they  now  stood  at  the 
highest  pinnacle  of  their  power. 

The  ^'Beggars  of  tl  as  they  had  been 

called,  were  now  the  lords  of  that  element,  and 
the  very  wiives  which  daily  threatened  to  over- 
whelm their  country,  had  been  converted  by 
energy,  business  capacity,  and  courage,  into  tlieir 
workshop  and  their  home. 

The  Stadliolder  William  had  died  in  iG;10,  a 
few  days  before  the  birtli  of  liis  son,  and  the 
aristocratic  party  at  the  time  favoured  a  more 
republican  form  of  government.  The  people, 
however,  w^ere  anxious  to  have  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Orange  ruling.  In  tliese  circumstances, 
the  supreme  authority  was  vested  in  the  Grand 
Pensionary  of  the  State  of  Holland,  tlie  most 
powerful  of  the  seven  states,  and  the  richest. 
The  post  w^as  of  the  greatest  importance,  but 
the  salary  was  of  tlie  least,  being  £200  a  year. 

tho  provinces  should  meet  as  the  States  General  and  sit 
continuously.  Tlie  votes  on  a  division  only  counted  as  one 
for  each  of  tlie  Seven  Provinces. 


APPRENTICESHIP  IK  KAYAL  WAEFARE. 


^ti 


The  holder  of  the  office,  Johan  de  "Witt,  was  in 
every  way  a  distinguished  man.  Endowed  with 
sucli  mental  powers  as  would  have  ensured  for 
him  the  leading  official  posts  in  any  country, 
Johan  de  Witt,  as  G-rand  Pensionary,  was 
practically,  at  one  and  the  same  time.  Home 
Secretary,  Finance  ^linister,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  War  Minister,  and  Foreign  Secretary, 
during  a  period  of  some  twenty-two  years. 

He  had  to  contend  with  the  antagonism  of  the 
greatest  powers  in  Europe  from  without,  and 
with  the  plots  of  the  Orange  party  at  home,  and 
had  to  harmonize  the  interests  of  the  various 
provinces,  who,  though  they  sent  their  delegates 
to  form  the  States  General  at  the  Hague,  were 
yet  in  themselves  Sovereign  States,  and  frequently 
exercised  their  very  extended  State  rights.  With 
a  ceaseless  grip  of  public  affairs,  de  Witt  was 
still  able  to  combine  such  various  projects  as 
financial  reforms,  the  elaboration  of  a  system  of 
State  life  annuities,  and  the  invention  and  intro- 
duction of  chain  shot  into  naval  warfare. 

The  trade  of  England  was  much  smaller  than 
that  of  Holland,  and  her  shipping  was  still  less 
able  to  bear  comparison  with  the  Dutch  marine, 
so  much  the  better  from  the  brigand's  point  of 


.       *      »•" •  IfclflUPitf     "I    «lll 


^fi^*fa*fcJ^<a^liiwatfl<afc1^  w . 


<>  j.^^^-  ^  >    ^t*  ^% 


24 


LIFE  OF   DE   RUYTER. 


If 


view,  for  slie  at  least  bad  notliiiii;-  to  lose.  The 
Eiiglisli  navy,  coiisistin*i:  of  about  80  to  00 
warsliips,  in  readiness  tor  war,*  as  against 
the  Dutch  s( )mewliat  doubtful  fleet  of  150  sail 
of  all  sorts,t  contained  many  more  large  vessels. 

At  the  outset  of  a  war  Holland  would  liave 
a  marked  nd vantage  in  lier  trained  leaders,  van 
Tromj),  de  W  itti,  and  others,  whose  names  were 
then  best  known  to  the  people  of  either  cmiTifry, 
and  in  a  larger  number  of  liardened  sailors. 

England,  on  the  other  hand  (like  Germany  to- 
day), pn  -vi  a  triiunphant  army  of  acknow- 
ledged excellence— and  witli  a  larger  |>opulation 
and  more  ancient  national  tradiLiuil^,  she  had 
already  acquired  important  colonies  in  the  west, 
which  only  served  to  whet  her  growing  colonial 
and  commercial  instincts,  and  had  begun  to  turn 
her  thouglits  to  expansion  in  tlie  East.  She,  too, 
had  defeated  the  !^paniards  on  tl  ea,  and  was 
not  unnaturally  jealous  of  the  coniuiercial  supre- 

*  Sec  Appendix  I. 

t  lUircliett,  see  quoted  below:  *' Chcar nock's  History  of 
Marino  Architecture"  (1801),  vol.  ii.,  says,  "Dutch  fleet 
150,  including  all  carrying  more  than  20  guns.  English 
he  sajs,  except  in  the  instance  of  the  Eoyal  Sovereign  with 
two  others,  were  eijually  diminutive  and  contained  a  number 
of  very  iiiforior  vi.ssels." 


APPRENTICESHIP   IN   NAVAL   AVAEFARE. 


25 


I 


macy  of  the  young  Eepublic.  Though  England 
sought  an  alliance  with  Holland,  she  intended  to 
be  the  predominant  partner.  In  the  end,  neither 
the  kinship  of  the  two  nations  nor  their  common 
Protestantism  prevented  war. 

In  the  early  months  of  the  present  year  (1896) 
we  have  seen  that  a  strong  navy  has  gone  flirther 
to  prevent  Englisli  interests  heing  attacked  by 
Germany,  than  any  community  of  kinship  or 
creed. 

The  English  demands  on  the  United  Provinces 
were  that  they  should  pay  the  annual  charge  of 
<£30,000  claimed  in  Charles  I.'s  time  for  the 
right  to  carry  on  the  herring  fishery  in  English 
waters — that  they  should  acknowledge  the 
sovereignty  of  England  in  the  British  seas, 
especially  as  regards  rights  of  fishery,  traffic, 
and  anchorage,  and  should  salute  our  ships 
by  lowering  the  flag.  The  Government  also 
earnestly  pressed  for  an  alliance  between  the  two 
nations. 

The  first  embassy  was  sent  in  1649,  but  one 
of  the  two  ambassadors,  Doreslaus,  was  murdered 
by  the  English  Royalists  at  the  Hague,  and  the 
negotiations  ended  inauspiciously.  A  second 
embassy  was  sent  in  March,  1651,  consisting  of 


I  '  'yii 


|C!|fSa|Sf|5l:ffif;-: 


i 


26 


LIFE   OF  DE  RUYTEH. 


iif " 


ff    ' 


St.  Jolm  nnd  W.  rftrickland,  but  ilioiigli  officially 
received  with  great  ceremony,  they  were  insulted 
by  the  Orange  and  Royalist  faction,  and  liad  to 
be  guarded  in  tlieir  hotel.     Amon^;  the  proposals 
on  this  occasion  w^as  one  for  the  exile  of  Charles  II. 
and  liis  party  froiii  tlic  United  Trovinces.     In  an 
evil    moment    for    Hnnnnd,   the   Orange    party, 
whose  liead  (the  infant  William  IIL)  was  Charles 
the  Second's   nepliew,  prevailed,  and  the  envoys 
of     the    C'^nmonwealtli    returned     to    England 
infuriated  by  their  bad  treatment.     There  is  no 
doubt  that  tlie   Puritan   Government,  without  a 
single  ally  on  the  Continent  at  that  moment,  had 
strenuously   worked    for    an    amicable    alliance 
between    the    tw( >   countrios.     Their    fiilure    to 
achieve  it  facilitated  the  policy  of  Yane,  who  by 
the  introduction  of  the  Navigaiiuu  Act,  August 
5th,   1651,   was  able  to  bring  the  navy  into  a 
foremost  position  in  England,  and  thereby  lioped 
to   minimize   for   tlie   moment  the  overweening 
influence   of  the   army,  now   wholly  under   the 
control  of  Cromwell.     The  Act,  which  was  passed 
in  October,  enjoined  that  foreign  vessels  should 
only  bring  into  England  products  of  their  own 

country. 

This  was  a  stnjrcrering   blow  to  the  carrying 


APPRENTICESHIP   IX   NAVAL   WxVRFARE. 


27 


I 


*    I 


trade  of  the  United  Provinces,  but  it  gave  a  very 
marked  impetus  to  English  shipping.  The  idea 
of  action  for  tlie  expansion  of  our  shipping 
trade  had  not  originated  with  Vane,  but  with 
Sir  Walter  Ealeigh,  who  was  always  busying 
himself  with  England's  maritime  preponderance 
while  he  lay  a  close  prisoner  in  the  Tower  of 
London,  thirty-six  years  before  this  date.* 

Parliament  issued  letters  authorizing  English 
vessels  to  make  reprisals  on  the  Dutch.  The 
envoys  whom  de  Witt  had  sent  to  conciliate 
Cromwell  found  their  task  hopeless.f  England 
was  at  last  anxious  for  war,  and  Admiral  Yan 
Tromp,  who  was  cruising  in  the  Channel,  with 

"■  Sir  Walter  Raleigli.  In  a  volume  of  Tracts  on  Wool, 
1669,  Britisli  Museum,  "  Some  collections  of  Sir  Walter 
Kawleys,  presented  to  King  James,  taken  out  of  his 
Remains,  discus  England's  los  for  want  of  due  Informa- 
tions of  its  Native  Commodities."  Among  other  recom- 
mendations (page  24)  is,  "Multiply  your  Navy,  increase 
your  Traffick." 

f  J.  Burchett,  "  Complete  History  of  the  most  Kemark- 
able  Transactions,"  etc.  Edition  1720,  Book  IIL  p.  293. 
"Desjiatched  an  Extraordinary  Envoy  to  England  .  .  , 
fitted  out  fleet  of  1 50  with  a  *  view  to  secure  peace.'  Eng- 
lish some  months  before  taken  all  Dutch  ships  they  could 
meet  with,  the  number  of  which,  say  the  Dutch  writers, 
amounted  to  near  200." 


i 


7        ■.•JiimtiMlfim.A  ^ 


TJFE  OF   DE   RUYTER. 


APrRENTICESHIP   IX   XAVAL   WARFARE. 


2^ 


orders  to  act  peacefully  unless  piuvuivua,  c.uny: 
into  collision  with  Admiral  Blake's  force  off 
Dover,  May  18,  1G52  (Brandt,  p.  15).*  Eacli 
commander  blamed  liis  adversary  for  Ijeginning 
the  fight.  Van  Tromp  had  42  sliips,  and  English 
accounts  give  Blake  15,  which  were  joined  by  eight 
under  Bourne.  The  battle  raged  from  four  p.m.  till 
after  eiglit  o'clock.  The  Jamt\s,  Blake's  flag-ship, 
alone  suffered  severely.  Six  men  were  killed  in 
her  and  35  severely  woimded.  There  w-ere  only 
nine  further  men  killed  in  the  English  fleet, 
which  took  250  pri^«oners.  Two  Dutch  vessels 
were  taken,  but  set  adrift.  The  fight  was  drawn 
somewhat  in  our  favour.f 

The  Dutcli  envoys  now  leave  London  in  haste, 
and  reveal  a  portion  of  the  English  plan  of 
operations  nnder  whicli  Sir  George  Ayscue,  newly 
returned  from  attacking  Barbadoes,  is  to  threaten 
iJutcli  shipping  in  the  Channel,  witli  his  21  ships, 

*  Lediard  gives  h;!^  •■  '''<*'  - 

t  "Columua  Kostrata,  .^auuiui  Cullibcr,  1727,  page  95, 
says,  "  The  James  had         guns  and  500  to  GOO  men.     She 

recciYL-d  700  great  shots The  fight  ended  to  the  advantage 

of  the  English,  who  took  two  Dutch  men  of  war  without  loss 
of  any  ship,  Tromp  drawing  his  shattered  fleet  back  to  the 
Goodwin  Sands."  The  Dutch  accounts  relied  on  here  are 
r>randt,  Belinfante,  Looman,  and  de  Liefde. 


I 
/► 


f 


and  at  the  same  time  protect  the  small  English 
commerce  there.  Blake  meanwhile  is  to  take 
66  or  68  vessels  to  the  Shetland  Isles  to  destroy 
the  Dutch  herring  fleet.  This  of  course  weakens 
the  English  force  in  the  Downs,  and  leaves  it  at 
the  mercy  of  van  Tromp,  who  with  70  ships 
(Col.  Rostrata)  was  cruising  in  search  of  Ayscue. 

Van  Tromp,  missing  Ayscue,  and  hearing  that 
Blake,  after  capturing  a  large  number  of  Dutch 
boats,  had  gone  north — follows  Blake.  He 
arrives  too  late  to  save  the  valuable  fleet  of  100 
large  herring  buizen,  or  ^'  busses,"  as  we  call  them. 
Blake,  after  taking  out  a  large  number  of  fish, 
had  generously  sent  the  men  home.  A  terrific 
storm  breaks  over  the  two  fleets  as  they  are 
preparing  for  fight,  August  5,  1652.  Blake, 
sheltered  by  the  Scotch  coast,  was  comparatively 
secure,  but  van  Tromp's  fleet  suffered  so  severely, 
that  on  his  return  to  Holland,  his  command  was 
taken  away  from  him.  This,  however,  was  only 
an  incident  in  the  career  of  a  "  Zee-held  "  in  the 
period  when  the  hardy  mothers  of  the  little 
villages  of  Zealand  and  South  Holland,  sending 
their  boys  out  to  the  sea  fights,  might  well  expect 
to  welcome  them  as  captains  or  even  admirals, 
on  their  return ;  and  again,  in  an  equally  short 


:I0 


LIFE   OF  DE   IIUYTKK. 


AITRENTICESIIIP   IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


31 


I 


space  of  time,  see  tlieiii  condemned  for  some 
misadventure  over  which  they  probably  had  no 
control.  The  career  of  :\Iarten  Harpertszoou  van 
Tromp  is  so  typical,  and  so  important,  that  it 
demands  more  than  a  p^bsing  notice.  Born  in 
1597,  at  Brielle,  in  South  Holland,  the  son  of 
a  sailor,  he  accompanied  liis  father  to  sea  at 
ei^ht  years  of  age.  ( )ii  liis  lather's  frigate,  he 
took  p;irt  in  Heemskerk's  glorious  victory  over 
the  Spaniards  at  Gibraltar.  Thus  he  joined  the 
traditions  of  the  earlier  school  of  Dutch  seamen 
and  explorers,  AVilliam  Barentz,  the  discoverer 
of  Spitzbergen,  and  I.iiischoten,  the  great  ex- 
plorer of  the  north,  to  tlie  exploits  of  the  con- 
temporaries of  de  Ruytcr.  Shortly  after  the 
battle  of  Gibraltar,  his  fatlier  was  killed  by  the 
fire  from  an  English  cruiser,  when  tlie  boy  van 
Tromp  called  out  to  his  comrades,  "  Won't  you 
avenge  my  lather's  dcatli?"  He  was,  however, 
.„kon  prisoner  ly  .1,0  KnglM,,  and  it  ;vas  two 
years  before  he  regained  liis  Ireedom.  Therefore 
it  was  with  no  love  for  this  country  that  he  had 
cruised  along  our  coasts. 

After  rising  to  high  rank  in  the  navy  (the 
famous  Piet  Heyn  had  been  killed  on  his  ship), 
he  had  retired  dissatisfied,  and  was  leading  the 


life  of  a  good  burgess  at  Brielle,  where  he  also 
connected  himself  with  the  Church,*  when  in 
1637,  Prince  Henry  obtained  for  him  the  post  of 
lieut.-admiral,  and  he  put  to  sea  to  distinguish 
himself  by  the  annihilation  of  a  great  Spanish 
fleet  under  Oquendo,  near  Dunkirk,  and  the 
defeat  of  the  united  Spanish-Portuguese  fleet  off 
the  coast  of  England.  As  his  last  promotion  had 
proceeded  from  the  House  of  Orange,  he  was 
looked  upon  as  a  supporter  of  that  party. 

De  Ruyter  had  been  sent  as  vice-commander, 
to  protect  his  countiy  from  the  English  fleets, 
which  now  commanded  the  sea.  With  great 
difBculty  his  modesty  had  been  overcome,  and 
on  the  loth  of  August,  1652,  he  hoists  his  flag 
on  the  little  Neptunus,  carrying  only  28  guns 
and  134  men,  and  passing  down  the  Channel 
gradually  increases  his  fleet  to  30  other  vessels 
and  six  fireships.  With  these  he  convoys  60 
merchant  vessels  outward  bound  through  the 
Channel,  where  he  is  to  remain  to  protect  other 
ships  returning  from  the  west. 

On  the  afternoon  of  August  26th,t  de  Ruyter, 

*  "Leeven   en   Daden   Der  Dooiiuchtigste   Zee-helden," 
€to.    1676.    Tweede  deel,  p.  87,  etc. 
t  Lediard  gays  August  IGtli  (O.S.). 


jtMJU^A^'JLt-^l^' 


,  hS-.ttaAft.  i^>*^Mf  LAMPWI 


.  I 


3r) 
-J 


LIFE   OF   DK   RUYTER. 


when  off  Plymouth,  sighted  Sir  George  Ayscue, 
whose  fleet  is  now  iiicrciised  to  40  vessels,  of 
which  12   were,  the   Dutch   say,  of  the  largest 


size. 


^ 


Tlie  wind  is  blowing  from  tlie  N.E.,  and  the 
English  fleet  being  due  north  of  de  Ruyter,  have 
an  additional  advantage  in  tlie  weather  gage. 

De  Ruyter  immediately  divides  his  ships  into 
tliree  squadrons  of  ten  each,  van  den  Broek  leads 
the  van,  de  lluyter  has  tlie  centre,  and  Verhaaf 
the  rear.  Behind  eacli  squadroi i  is  a  squadron  of 
20  merchant  vessels,  wliich  can rs  guns,  and  is 
of  some  service.  To  eacli  of  the  squadrons  in  the 
fio-hting  line  are  attached  tw^o  tireships. 

At  four  o'clock  tlie  tight  begins,  and  lasts  till 
eight,  l)eing  marked  by  fierce  tenacity  on  both 
sides;  de  Ruyter,  who  passes  through  the  Eng- 
lish lines  twice,  is  for  some  time  the  centre  of  a 
furious  cannonade.  One  of  Ivis  captains,  Dowe 
Ankes,  of  the  Vogd  Strms,  is  so  punished  by  two 
English  vessels,  that  his  crew  try  to  compel  him 

*  "Looman"  (p.  24)  says  "  De  Ruyter  had  20  very  badly 
equipped  men-of-war  and  six  fireships,  and  AyBCiie  had 
among  liis  40  vessele,  two  ships  of  60  guns,  and  eight  of 
from  3ii  to  40."  He  states  that  de  Ruyter's  largest  vessels, 
two  converted  merchantmen,  -  had  40  guns  each,  and  the 
next  in  size  had  only  30." 


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O  -J 


LIFE   OF   DE   IIUYTER. 


when  off  Plymouth,  sighted  Sir  George  Ayscue, 
whose  fleet  is  now  increased  to  40  vessels,  of 
winch  12    were,  the    Dutch    say,  of  tlie  largest 


* 


Tlie  wind  is  l)lowiiig  from  tlie  N.E.,  and  the 
English  fleet  being  due  nortli  of  de  Ptuyter,  have 
an  additional  advant" -^  in  tlie  weather  gage. 

De  Euyter  immediately  divides  his  ships  into 
three  squadrons  of  ten  each,  van  den  Broek  leads 
tlie  van,  de  Iluyter  has  tlie  centre,  ai id  Verhaaf 
the  rear.  Beliind  each  squadron  is  a  squadron  of 
20  merchant  vessels,  wliich  carrir  ^  -"uns,  and  is 
of  some  service.  To  eacli  of  the  squadrons  in  the 
fighting  line  are  attaclied  two  lireships. 

At  four  o'clock  the  fight  begins,  and  In^t'^:  till 
eight,  l)eing  marked  by  fierce  tenacity  on  both 
sides ;  de  liuyter,  who  passes  througli  the  Eng- 
lish lines  twice,  is  for  some  time  the  centre  of  a 
liirious  cannonade.  One  of  his  captains,  Dowe 
Aukes,  of  the  T^  '  Sirni\s,  is  so  punished  by  two 
English  vessels,  that  liis  crew  try  to  compel  him 

*  "Looman  "  (p.  24)  sajs  "  De  Riiyter  had  20  very  badly 
equipped  inen-of-war  and  six  fireships,  and  Ayscue  liad 
among  liis  40  vessels,  two  ships  of  00  guns,  and  eight  of 
from  3t'  to  40."  He  states  that  de  Euyter's  largest  vessels, 
two  converted  merchantmen,  "  had  40  guns  each,  and  the 
next  in  size  had  only  30." 


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3 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVAL  WARFARE.  33 


F 

M 


H 


to  surrender,  wlien  he  seizes  a  flaming  piece  of 
wood  and  standing  over  the  powder  magazine 
swears  that  he  would  sooner  blow  up  his  ship, 
which  so  encourages  his  men  that,  returning  to 
the  guns,  they  sink  two  of  our  vessels  and  disable 
a  third. 

Night  closed  the  contest,  and  Ayscue  drew  off 
liis  fleet.  The  English  accounts  claim  that  the 
battle  was  indecisive,  but  the  Dutch  accounts  say 
they  won— that  1300  men  went  down  in  the 
English  ships,  wliile  the  Dutch  loss  was  50  or 
60  dead,  including  their  vice-admiral,  and  40  to 
50  wounded,  among  these  the  rear-admiral.  It 
is  evident  that  Ayscue,  who  was  a  brave  man 
and  had  several  times  passed  through  the  Dutch 
line,  was  so  damaged  in  sails  and  masts  as  not 
to  be  able  to  follow  the  enemy. 

The  late  famous  Eector  of  Lincoln  College, 
Oxford  (Mark  Pattison)  is  reported  to  have  said 
that  we  "  Englishmen  lie  as  much  as  foreigners ; 
but  Englishmen  have  a  dim  consciousness  that 
they  are  lying,  while  foreigners  believe  all  the 
wliile  that  they  are  telling  the  truth  "  {"  Recol- 
lections of  Pattison,"  by  Tollemache,  p.  52).  In 
the  stories  of  nearly  every  battle  in  these  Dutch 
wars,  there  is  always  a  little  difference  of  opinion, 

D 


34 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


and  it  IS  often  hard  to  say  wliicli  side  is  wilfully 
deceiving. 

De  Iluyter  liumbly  gave  tlianks  to  God  for 
his    success,    and   took    no    credit   whatever    to 

himself. 

lie  no\  nt  on  his  merchant  ships,  whicli 
were  to  pass  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  with  two 
warships,  and  cruised  in  search  of  English 
merchants  in  the  Channel.  His  ships  were 
many  of  them  badly  damaged,  nnd  had  to  be 
sent  home  for  repairs  (Dutch  '^  Life  of  van 
Tromp,''  quoted  by  ''  Col.  Kostrata,"  p.  101).*  His 
flagship  was  among  those.  De  Ruyter  was  afraid 
of  meeting  the  combined  fleets  of  itlake  (now 
returned  from  the  Shetlands)  and  Avpcue.  Blake 
had  indeed  returned  and  taken  12  or  14  merchant 
ships  whicli  had  come  from  iiochelle,  etc. 

De  Euyter  escapes  unseen,  and  between  Grave- 
lines  and  Nieuwport,  joins  the  main  Dutch  Fleet 
under  Vice- Admiral  Wittc  Corneliszoon  de  With, 
recently  appointed  to  replace  van  Troinp. 

*  "Col.  Kostrata,"  pp.  100, 101, says  Aysciie  had  38  sliips, 
two  of  between  "  VI  Oti  guns,  the  rest  light  frigates 
and  iiresliips ;  and  do  Kiiyter  had  a  like  number  of  boats 
of  '20  to  40  guus,  and  20  merchant  vessels  which  foiiglit, 
be^idi's  30  to  40  merchant  ships  which  were  not  suitable  for 
fighting. 


APPRENTICESHIP   IN   NAVAL   WARFARE.  35 

Tlie   new  commander  was   in  a   certain  sense 
quite  as  representative  of  anotlier  type  of  Dutch 
seamen  as  van  Tromp.     He   also  was   born  in 
South   Holland,  and  also,  despite   his  ponderous 
names,   was   of  very   humble   origin.      He    had 
served  as  vice-admiral  under  van  Tromp,  when, 
in  1G39,  the  fleet   had   been  fitted  out  and  g-ot 
to  sea  in  less  than  five  weeks,  and  he  had  dis- 
tinguished  himself  in   the   subsequent   brilliant 
victories   in  the   Channel.      He  was    a   man   of 
hot  temper    and    rigorous    discipline,    and    was 
not  a   favourite   in   the   fleet  where  van  Tromp 
was  the  idol  of  the  Dutch   sailor.      A    rouo-li 
surly    manner    distinguished    the    mariners    of 
Holland  from  the  less  aggressive   boors.     Their 
officers'  manners  were  possibly  not  much  better 
than  their  own,  for  they  were  generally  of  the 
same  class   as  themselves.     The  dangers  of  the 
sea  were  so  real  that  the  official  Dutch  were 
disinclined   to   give   the   command   of    ships    to 
their  near  relatives.     An  incident  which  occurred 
a   few  years   later  than  the  date   we  have   now 
reached,  shows   something  of  the  rough  nature 
of  these  gallant  seamen.     The  Comte  de  Guiche, 
escaping   from  the   flames  of  one  Dutch  vessel 
was   rescued   by   another   whose   captain  was   a 


■  ij^fc-^''! 


y  ji»  >ti  *  ■«»'  ■■■ 


.^  aiHilf^iLiftB*^ 


36 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


brother-in-law  of  de  Riiyter,  tlie  admiral  in 
command.  De  G niche,  who  had  an  invitation 
to  go  on  board  de  Riiyter's  flagsliip,  was  not 
allowed  by  the  ca^  .  in  referred  to,  to  leave  his 
vessel  nntil  he  had  given  the  captain  a  note 
of  hand  for  200  livru«  ! 

Tlie  fiercest  and  roiip^hest  of  the  sailors  were 
those  from  Zealand,  tlieir  frequent  encounters 
with  the  Dunldrlv  jdratcs  and  their  own  privateer- 
ing reprisals  had  inured  tliem  to  all  hardships 
and  accustomed  tliem  to  any  dangers.  Tlie 
privateer  was  quite  common  in  the  Netherlands 
navy.  Of  her  prizes  one-fifth  w^ent  to  tlie 
Admiralty,  one-tentli  to  tlie  admiral,  and  the 
rest  to  the  merchants  who  had  fitted  her  out. 
Among  their  other  charities,  the  Dutch  did  not 
forget  the  old  and  dcslittite  sailor,  and  Temple, 
who  visited  the  home  at  Enkhuysen,  pronounced 
it  the  most  perfect  establishment  of  the  kind 
he  had  ever  seen. 

The  united  Dutch  forces  amounted  to  about 
64  ships  (Brandt,  p.  22,  Looman,  etc.),  and 
they  put  to  sea  in  search  of  the  English  fleet 
in  the  Downs,  but  the  weather  being  bad,  the 
council  of  war  recommended  de  With  not  to  fight. 
He    decided    that    he   would    fight,   irrespective 


4'AH:h«4-4.<-<lt.     ftb.H 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


37 


of  weather.     He  had  put  to  seft  not  with  the 

object  of  protecting  or  capturing  any  fleet  of 
merchant  A^essels,  as  in  the  former  battles,  but 
simply  and  solely  to  meet  and  fight  the  best 
fleet  England  could  send  against  him.  "  I  will 
take  the  fleet  joyfully  to  the  English,"  he  said, 
**  but  the  Devil  only  can  get  her  away  again."  * 
Blake  was  waiting  for  him  with  a  similar  object, 
the  greatest  of  all  objects  to  a  sailor — the  command 
of  the  sea.  The  EngHsh  fleet  consisted  of  about 
68  ships  (that  is  four  more  than  de  With's) 
and  the  Dutch  say  they  contained  more  fighting 
men.  At  three  o'clock  on  the  8th  of  October, 
1652,f  Blake  bore  down  on  the  wings  of  a 
storm  which  had  been  raging  since  the  previous 
day,  and  assailed  the  Dutch  fleet  with  such  fury 
that  it  was  at  once  thrown  into  confusion.  No 
time  was  allowed  for  a  fresh  council  of  war,  and 
failing  to  signal  his  orders,  de  With  had  to  send 
a  galiot  from  ship  to  ship  with  instructions. 
De  Ruyter,  commanding  the  van,  bore  the  brunt 
of  the  attack.    De  With  was  in  the  centre,  and 

•  It  was  afterwards  said  that  de  With  had  saved  the  devil 
that  troTiMe. — "  Leeven  en  Daden  Der  Doorliicht ighste  Zee- 
Helden."     Tweede  deel,  p.  100. 

•f  Lediard  says  September  28th  (O.S.). 


■JlBJataAgi^K  ■fiV' f  ■  ..gr  •  >  f  .t  I'-^'i  ■•Wk&.ImHi'"  . 


38 


LIFE  OP  DE   RUYTER. 


de  Wildt  led  the  rear.     A  tremendous  cannonade 
at   close  quarters,  with   the    English   ships  now 
in  their  midst,  mingled  with  the  roaring  of  the 
wind,  which   served   20   captains  of  the  Dutch 
fleet   to  carry   their  sliips   out  of  action.      Un- 
exampled in  the  previous  liistory  of  their  glorious 
navy,    this   disgrace    only   served    to    raise    the 
courage   of  the   men    in  tlie  44  ships   now   left 
to  struggle  with  Blal:  '    fleet.     De  With  and  de 
Euyter,  above  all  distinguislied  themselves.     At 
the  first  onset  de  Ruyter  lost  a  part  of  his  largo 
yardarm,  the  great  topsail  was  soon  full  of  holes, 
the  mainsail  broken,  and  nearly  all  the  rigging 
in  the  same  condition.     Finally  the  large  yard- 
arm  swung  round  to  the  port  side,  and  with  four 
shot  below  water-mark,  and  a  large  part  of  his 
men   killed  or  wounded,  he  could   hardly  steer 
his  vessel,  and  yet   he  managed  to  keep  in  the 
thickest  of  the  fight.     The  next  day  there  was 
a   dead  calm,  but   the  English   having  received 
reinforcements   (16  ships),  de  Ruyter's  influence 
prevented    liis   leader   renewing  the    fight,   and 
the   Dutch   continued   their   retreat   to   Helvoet- 
sluys,  pursued  leisurely  by  the  English.     They 
lost  at    least   two    boats    by    this    engagement, 
and  probably  four,  though  this  is  disputed,  but 


4 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFARE.         39 

they  had  lost  beyond  all  doubt,  for  the  time 
being,  the  coveted  command  of  the  sea.  De 
Ruyter  would  now  have  retired  from  the  navy, 
but  his  friend  de  With  became  (owing  to  his 
deep  grief  at  the  result  of  the  fight)  too  ill  to 
command.  De  Ruyter  returned  to  the  fleet  from 
Flushing.  The  influence  of  the  20  captains 
enabled  them  to  escape  the  punishment  they 
merited. 

Van  Tromp  was  now  entrusted  with  the  chief 
command  in  the  navy,  and  de  Ruyter  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  de  With's  squadron.  The  greatest 
exertions  were  made  to  fit  a  new  fleet  for  the 
sea. 

The  winter  season  had  set  in,  but  van  Tromp 
put  to  sea  with  85  warships,  or  the  English 
account  says  over  100,  with  frigates,  etc.,  con- 
veying  a  fleet  of  300  outward  bound  vessels 
through  the  Channel,  when  on  December  the 
10th,  1652,*  he  sighted  Blake,  whose  warships 
were  only  37  in  number,  or  as  the  Dutch  say,  52, 
which  included  tenders,  etc.  Blake  had  sent  a 
convoy  of  20  ships  to  Newcastle,  12  to  Plymouth, 
and  15  up  the  Thames;  of  the  37  which  remained, 
it  is  said  only  20  had  their  full  complement  of 
♦  Lediard  says  November  29tli  (O.S.). 


■■■aNja»fl»  n.^^  ^•'^^•iAfiXtatLi&l^smiLa 


i* 


P 


40 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


men.  The  council  of  wiir  decided  to  wait  van 
Tromp's  attack,  and  tlie  fight  which  began  at 
one  in  the  afternoon  in  cod  without  intermission 
till  dark. 

Blake,  in  a  letter  to  the  Government,  quoted 
by  CoUiber,  said  that  his  flagship,  the  Trkniijj/i, 
with  the  Victonj  and  Vangfurdj  were  for  a  con- 
siderable time  engaged  with  nearly  20  of  the 
enemy.  Ayscue  rescued  them,  but  tlie  Dutch 
took  the  ^^o■A^M(?  and  Bonadirntjire  frigates,  and 
two  prizes  of  some  value.  Blak'e  was  beaten, 
and  took  his  crippled  fleet  up  the  Thames  next 
day.  Ayscue,  wlio  was  not  in  con imand,  and 
tlierefore  not  responsible,  laid  down  his  cummis- 
sion.  Had  Blake  not  retired,  liis  fleet  would 
probably  have  been  entirely  destroyed.  \'an 
Tromp  landed  some  ti-ooj >s!  on  the  Kentish  coast, 
but  w\as  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  100  men.  He 
was,  however,  for  the  mouient  supreme  in  tlie 
Channel.  "But  command  of  tlie  sea,"  gays  a 
great  naval  authority  (Admiral  Oolomb),  "  is  not 
irained  in  a  single  battle,  where  strategical  failure 
has  been  tlie  cause  of  defeat."  The  Dutch  took 
their  merchant  vessels  through  tlie  Channel  and 
as  for  as  the  He  de  Ehe.  There  van  Tromp  met 
a   fleet   of    250   Dutch   merchantmen  homeward 


fill 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  NAVAL  WARFARE.  41 

bound.     These  he  escorted  with  his  warships — 
English  say  80,  Dutch  70  or  76— up  the  Channel. 
Meanwhile  Blake  and  the  Parliament  had  been 
busy  oJBfering  rewards  to  all  sailors  joining  the 
fleet  in  40  days,  and  adding  further  inducements 
for  future  service.     Blake's  vigorous  efibrts  pro- 
duced  a  fleet  of  66  war- vessels  with  which  he 
awaited  Tromp  off  Portland.      On  the  morning 
of  the  28th  February,  1653  (or  18th  February, 
1652,  old   style),*   van   Tromp   was   near   Port- 
land, with  a  favourable  wind  blowing  from  about 
W.N.W.,  when  he  sighted  Blake's  fleet  lying  to 
the   east  of  him,  and   about   five   leagues   from 
the  coast.     The  English  vessels  were  very  much 
spread  out,  many  of  them  being  far  to  leeward. 
Van  Tromp  immediately  decided  to  attack,  and 
leaving  his  merchant  vessels  to  windward  of  him, 
bore  down  with  his  full  force  on  Blake,  who  was 
unable  at  once  to  bring  up  his  scattered  fleet 
against  the  wind,  and  for   some   time   bore   the 
attack  of  the  Dutch  with  about  12  vessels  only. 
Of   these    the    Sjpeaker,  commanded    by    Penn, 
was  the  first  to  engage  on   her  starboard,  but 
quickly  tacking  gave  the  Dutch  at  closer  quarters 
the  fire  of  her  port  guns,  at  about  ten  o'clock, 

*  Lediard  says  February  8th  (O.S.). 


,    ■vmsit^^  .  pUf     n.      t  V 


<U''.rtft."ftftl/3WB^ 


42 


LIFE  OF  DE   IIUYTER. 


Blake,  in  the  Trmrtiphj  was  soon  hotly  engaged. 

De   Ruyter's  ship  being  very  severely  ptmished 

by   the   Prosjx  i   frigate  of  40   guns   and 

170  men — he  brought  his  ship  nearer  in  order 

to  board  the  English  vessel.     He  had  dreamt  the 

night  before  that  a  bird  alighted  on  his  liand,  but 

when  he  tried  to  catch  it  the  bird  had  escaped 

him.     As  he  drew  nearer  the  English  vessel,  de 

Ruyter  said,  "  See !  there  is  the  bird  I  dreamt  of 

— we  must  catch  him."     The  Dutch  boarded  the 

Prosperous,  but  so  fiercely  were   they  received, 

that  the  English  succeeded  in  driving  them  back 

and   entering  de   Ruyter 's  vessel.      "  Friends  !  " 

shouted  de  Ruyter,  *'wliat  are  you  doing?— it's 

tlie  other  ship  !     Courage  ! — go  back !     Once  in, 

always  in."     By  tliu.     and  other  ejaculations,  and 

his  heroic  example,  he  so  aroused  their  fury,  that 

they  swept  the  crew  of  the  Prosperous  back  on  to 

her  decks,  and  took  that  vessel — the  only  one  the 

Dutch  were  to  take  that  day;  then,  as  the  bird 

in  the  dream,  it  was  lost  again,  for  Blake  now 

coming  up,  recaptured  the  Prosperous  with  the 

prize  crew  of  Dutclimen  on  board.    But  so  telling 

was  the  fire  which  van  Tromp,  and   the  other 

surrounding  Dutch  ships  poured  on  the  Triumph^ 

that  Blake  was  wounded  severely  in  the  thigh, 


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42 


LIFE  OF  DE   IIUYTER. 


Blake,  in  the  JV"  '  was  soon  hotly  engaged. 
De  liuyter's  sliip  being-  veiy  severely  punished 
by   the   Fmsj..  -m   fris^ate  of  40   guns   and 

170   men — he  brought  his  fcinp  nearer  in  order 
to  board  the  ICnglisli  \essel.     He  had  dreamt  tlie 
night  lictbre  that  a  bird  alighted  on  his  liand,  but 
when  lie  tried  t-*  ^itch  it  the  bird  had  escaped 
him.     .Vs  he  drew  nearer  the  English  vessel,  de 
Ruyter  said,  "  See !  there  is  the  bird  I  dreamt  of 
— we  must  catcli  liiiii."     The  Dutch  boarded  the 
Pros])^        ■■,  liut  so  fiercely  were   they  received, 
that  tlie  English  ;:>uuceeded  in  driving  them  back 
and   entering  de   Ruyter's  vessel.      "  Friends  !  " 
shouted  de  Ruyter,  ''what  are  you  doing P—it's 
tlie  other  ship  !     Courage  ! — go  back !     Once  in, 
always  in."     By  tliese  and  other  ejaculations,  and 
Ills  heroic  exam])]* ',  lie  so  aroused  their  fury,  that 
they  swept  the  crew  of  tlic  /*/-  ^     -'/^'  back  on  to 
her  decks,  and  took  that  vessel — tlie  only  one  the 
Dutch  were  to  take  that  day ;  then,  as  the  bird 
in  the  dream,  it  was  lost  n^^-aiu,  for  Blake  now 
coming  up,  recaptured  the  I'rosperous  with  the 
prize  crew  of  Dutchmen  on  board.    But  so  telling 
was  the  fire  which  van  Tromp,  and    the   other 
surrounding  Dutch  ships  poured  on  tlie  Triumph^ 
that  Blake  Avas  wounded  severely  in  the  thigh, 


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i-Xs^^t!v.M3/t  et, 


APPRENTICESHIP   IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


43 


I 


and  his  ship  rendered  incapable  of  service  either 
on  that  day  or  the  next. 

Fortunately  for  Blake,  some  26  of  the  Dutch 
captains  showed  little  of  their  accustomed  courage 
under  fire,  but  kept  their  ships  at  a  distance.  As 
the  day  wore  on  the  English  fleet  was  gradually 
reducing  the  odds  against  it,  and  late  in  the 
afternoon  IG  ships,  making  up  the  total  of  66, 
were  brought  up  by  the  vice-admiral.  Only 
darkness  could  stop  the  combatants.  De  Ruyter 
and  van  Tromp  had  done  all  that  skill  and  heroic 
courage  could  do  to  ensure  victory.  De  Ruyter 
had  over  30  men  killed,  and  a  large  number 
wounded  on  his  boat,  and  he  had  also  lost  all 
the  men  that  were  in  the  Prosperous  when  Blake 
retook  that  vessel.  His  masts  and  rigging  had 
suffered  severely,  his  fore-topmast  had  been  shot 
away,  his  sails  were  badly  torn,  and  for  a  time 
quite  useless.  But  for  the  assistance  of  Everts- 
zoon,  he  would  have  been  taken.  Though  so 
hard  pressed,  Blake  had  been  able  to  send  some 
frigates  in  the  direction  of  the  merchant  vessels. 
He  had  taken  or  destroyed  about  seven  Dutch 
men-of-war,  and  had  only  lost  one  ship,  the 
Sampson^  which  he  was  obhged  to  sink.  All 
night  the  rival  warships  rode  side  by  side,  but 


i 


I 


44 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


i 


without  mingling-,  while  tlie  sailors  worked  hard 
with  the  repairs  of  Ui.voto  and  rigging. 

Next  morning  they  lay  three  leagues  south  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Yan  Tromp  called  a  council.  His  attempt  to 
smash  the  divided  forces  of  the  English  having 
foiled,  he  decided  to  retreat  up  the  Channel,  for 
which  the  wind  was  favourable,  and  his  mercliant 
vessels  wei  ent  in  front,  while  van  Tromp 
spread  liis  warships  in  the  famous  half-moon 
formation  between  them  and  the  enemy. 

The  English  were  apparently  not  able  to  rejoin 
the  Dutch  till  after  twelve  in  the  day,  but  from 
two  o'clock  till  niglit  they  had  "  warm  work,"  and 
claimed  to  have  take  some  nvc  Dutch  men-of-war 
and  over  14  mercliantmen. 

The  fleets  passed  up  Channel,  the  wind  from 
the  W.N. W.  blowing  "  a  fine  little  gale  all  night." 

On  that  second  day  dc  Ruyter's  ship  was  so 
hammered  by  the  English  fire,  that  van  Tromp  had 
it  towed  out  of  the  line.  At  nine  in  the  morn- 
ing of  the  third  day,  about  five  of  the  English 
larger  ships  and  the  best  frigates  were  close  up 
witli  the  Dutch,  the  others  were  not  in  touch. 
"  The  Dutch  men-of-war  being  now  scattered  and 
much  crippled/'  Blake  sent  his  frigates  boldly  m 


APPEENTICESHIP   IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


45 


among  them,  and  added  to  his  captures  of  both 
warships  and  merchantmen.  The  wind  was  in  his 
favour,  and  he  hoped  to  get  his  big  ships  in  front 
of  van  Tromp,  who  was  now  nearing  the  French 
coast.  The  Dutch  fleet,  being  of  lighter  draught 
than  Blake's,  was,  however,  protected  by  the  sands. 
Niglit,  for  the  third  and  last  time,  divided  the 
struggling  navies  before  Blake  could  bring  up 
the  whole  of  his  force,  and  when  again  morning 
gave  the  English  hope  of  capturing  the  whole  of 
the  merchant  fleet  at  least,  no  Dutch  vessel  was 
in  sight.  Van  Tromps  marvellous  skill  had 
prevailed  in  the  night,  and  they  had  escaped. 

Apparently  Blake  had  taken  or  destroyed  over 
11  warships,  and  about  40  to  50  merchantmen.* 

"  The  account  given  here  is  principally  based  on  the  letter 
from  JBlake,  Dean,  and  Monk  to  Parliament,  from  "  Parlia- 
mentary History,"  vol.  xxii  p.  116,  quoted  in  "  Penn's  Life," 
by  Granville  Penn. 

Pere  Hoste  says,  warships  about  70  each  side,  merchant 
vessels  200,  but  indicates  Blake  reinforced  by  16  warships 
after  noon  of  first  day.  English  note  says  this  was  only  a 
part  of  Blake's  fleet  under  vice-admiral. 

Blake's  letter  above  referred  to  claims  17  or  18  men-of- 
war  taken  or  sunk,  and  60  prizes;  says  prisoners  stated 
Dutch  fleet  numbered  80. 

"Columna  Kostrata"  (p.  109-115)  gives  17  men-of-war 
taken;  14  merchantmen  on  second  day,  and  "many  more" 


46 


LIFE   OF  DE   KUYTER. 


It  is  said  that  all  de  Ruyter's  masts  fell  over- 
board the  day  after  the  third  battle. 

The  object  pursued  by  the  English  here  was 
purely  the  destruction  of  commerce. 

The  States  General,  in   publicly  thanking  de 
Euyter  for  his  part  in  saving  the  fleet,  made  him 
a  present  of  1500  gold  guilders.     He  had  fought 
without  pay,  and  he  was  now  awarded  a  monthly 
salary  of  200  guilders,  and  was  paid  at  this  rate 
for  the  past  year.     The  Council  of  the  Admiralty, 
when  the  States  General  had  decided  upon  the 
size  of  a  fleet  and  the  marine  force  to  be  em- 
ployed,   had   the   entire   arrangement,   including 
finances,  left  in  their  control.     They  were  divided 
into  four  Colleges.     Of  tliese,  three  were  in  the 
province  of  Holland,  at  Amsterdam,  Hoorn,  and 
Rotterdam,  the  other  two   being  at  Middelburg 

on  the  third.  T.  Lediard,  "  Naval  Chronicle  "  (p.  548)  says 
Dutch  shii)8  were  70  or  73,  and  -^^^^  They  lost  in  three 
days:  1500  killed.  11  warships,  and  ,;u  merchants,  which  is 
the  English  claim.     Gives  date,  8th  February. 

Brandt  (p.  ;^1)  says  five  Dutch  ships  sunk,  four  taken,  and 
24  merchants;  and  that  there  were  500  or  600  killed,  in- 
cluding eight  captains.  He  puts  the  English  killed  at  about 
2000,  sailors  and  soldiers.  Looman  (p.  31)  says  van  Tromp's 
fleet  was  76  warships  and  Blake's  120.  He  admits  the  loss 
of  nine  warships,  but  says  (p.  32)  Dutch  loss  in  killed  500  to 
600,  against  English  2000. 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN  KAYAL   WARFARE. 


47 


in  Zealand,  and  IlarHngen  in  Friesland.  Each 
of  them  had  to  furnish  its  quota,  and  appointed 
its  captains  and  superior  officers,  and  fixed  the 
number  of  men  per  ship. 

The  captain  recruited  the  crews,  and  provided 
the  surgeons,  medicines,  and  food,  at  a  rate  per 
head.  This  arrangement  was  considered  to  be  a 
satisfactory  one,  because,  if  the  men  were  short  of 
food  (or  the  ships  were  found  to  be  uncleanly 
or  unhealthy),  the  captain  was  liable  to  discharge 
on  their  report  against  him. 

The  English  fleet  was  soon  off  the  Dutch  coast, 
then,  chasing  Evertszoon,  it  captured  50  herring 
busses,  and  again  scoured  the  coast.  Tromp, 
however,  successfully  convoyed  a  fleet  of  200 
ships,  bound  for  France  and  Spain,  to  the  north 
of  Scotland.  Meantime,  far  away  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, the  gallant  van  Gaalen,  fighting  against 
our  superior  numbers,  was  lost  to  his  country  in 
the  moment  of  victory. 

Van  Tromp  at  this  time  made  vigorous  com- 
plaints about  the  condition  of  the  Dutch  navy, 
and  foretold  the  disaster  which  was  soon  to  follow. 
The  English  Government,  fortunately  for  this 
country,  followed  the  advice  of  Blake  in  these 
matters,  and  never  before  had  the  sailor  such 
opportunities  or  inducements  to  do  his  duty. 


48 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTER. 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


49 


h  i»    I 


I'    ^ 


The  Dutch  did  indeed  stop  the  Greenland 
traffic  and  the  whale  fishery,  and  thus  provided 
themselves  with  a  valuable  addition  to  tlie  marine 
service,  but  they  did  not  better  the  sailors'  lot  to 
the  same  extent. 

On  the  22nd  of  April,  1653  (Looman,  p.  33,  says 
Marcli  29th),  de  Euyter  hoisted  his  flag  on  the 
Gekroonde  Lie/ilc,  wliich  mounted  36  cannons 
and  145  men.  He  was  given  the  command  of 
the  fourth  of  five  divisions  of  van  Tromp's  fleet, 
May  17th. 

It  was  with  greater  reluctance  than  ever,  that 
de  Euyter  again  went  to  sea.  He  wrote  to 
the  States  General  that  only  the  worst  ships  had 
been  prepared,  and  that  they  were  very  badly 
provided.  Tliirty  new  ships  had  been  ordered 
in  March,  but  they  would  not  be  ready  for  some 
time,  and  time  was  of  the  utmost  importance. 

Early  in  June,  van  Tromp's  fleet  was  cruising 
off  tlie  island  of  Walchercn,  in  search  of  the 
English  fleet,  whicli  had  recently  left  the  Vlie 
in  the  nortli  of  Holland.  Tromp  had  just  come 
from  off  Dover,  where  he  had  taken  several  small 
merchant  vessels,  and  he  now  learnt  that  the 
English  were  returning  to  their  own  coast.  On 
the  12th  of  June  (June  2nd,  O.S.),  ofl:'  the  south 


point  of  the  Gober,  the  two  fleets  came  in  contact 
at  about  eleven  in  the  morning.  That  of  van 
Tromp  consisted  of  about  98  men-of-war  and  6 
fireships.*  The  English  fleet  was  composed  of 
the  Eed  Squadron,  commanded  by  Deane  and 
Monk,  with  38  ships,  1442  guns,  6169  men ;  the 
White,  under  Penn,  with  33  ships,  1189  guns, 
5085  men;  and  the  Blue,  imder  Lawson,  with 
34  ships,  1189  guns,  5015  men.f  The  wind, 
coming  from  the  north-east,  was  in  favour  of 
the  English,  who,  after  manoeuvring  for  some 
time,  opened  the  fight. 

Almost  immediately  a  ball  carried  off  the  head 
of  Deane,  scattering,  it  is  said,  his  blood  and 
brains  over  Monk,  who  stood  near  him.  Monk, 
however,  quite  undismayed  by  the  occurrence, 
ordered  away  the  sailors  who  were  nearest,  and 
covering  Deane's  body  with  his  cloak,  continued 
to  command  the  operations  with  perfect  coolness. 

Meanwhile  Lawson,  with  the  Blue  Squadron, 

*  <*Columna  Eostrata"  (p.  124)  says  "  98  men-of-war  and 
6  fireships ;  Englisli  95  and  5  fireships."  Looman  (p.  34) 
Bays  "  98  Dutch,  and  English  95  to  100,  but  the  latter  larger 
and  stronger."  Brandt  says  the  same.  Lediard  (p.  552) 
gives  date  June  3rd  (O.S.). 

t  These  figures  include  fireships,  etc.,  and  are  not  all 
men-of-war. 

E 


if 


50 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


had  charged  tlirough  de  Ruyter's  division  in  the 
most  determined  manner.     The  fury  of  the  attack, 
and  the  extreme  danger  in  which  de  Euyter  stood 
for   some   time,  is    shown   by  tlie   admission   of 
Brandt  that  his   ammunition  was  nearly  spent, 
and  van   Tromp   had   to    go   to   his    relief.     It 
appears  from   the  same  account,  that  the  wind, 
which  Lawson  had  lost,  had  now  dropped,  and 
Monk,  coming   to    his    succour,    the    two    fleets 
were  for  some  time  fighting  in  a  confused  mass, 
covered  and  concealed  by  a  dense  fog  of  smoke. 
When  the  wind  rose   again,  the  Dutch  account 
says  they  first  took  advantage  of  it,  and  then  the 
English   regained  it.     Still   the   perpetual  ding- 
dong  of  the  battle  raged,  scattering  the  summer 
sea  with  wrecks  till  nine  o'clock,  at  which  time 
a  Dutch  vessel  was   blown  up,  when    the  fleets 
sullenly  drew  about  a  league  apart,  and  repairs 
and  preparations  for  tlie  morrow  began  on  both 

sides. 

The  morning  of  the  13th  opened  with  the 
wind  blowing  from  W.S.W.  The  Dutch  were 
sailing  south-east,  followed  by  the  English, 
under  small  sails.  Van  Tromp  called  a  council. 
He  found  his  captains  getting  very  short  of 
ammunition.     De  Euyter  had  about  enough  for 


APPEENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFAEE.  51 

three  hours.     He  decided  to  attack.     They  were 
now  opposite  Nieuwport,  on  the  Belgian  coast, 
and  Yan  Tromp  calculated  upon  being   able  to 
take   refuge    among    the   sandy   shallows   about 
Wielingen  and  Ostend,  if  his  attack  should  prove 
unsuccessful.     He  has  been  called  the  Father  of 
Naval  tactics,  and  he  put  forth  all  his  skill  on 
this  occasion  to  get  the  weather  gage ;  according 
to  the  Dutch,  he  nearly  succeeded,  and  had  hoped 
to  cut  off  a  large  part  of  the  English,  when  he 
fell  into  a  calm.     Monk,  who  had  been  joined  by 
Blake  since  the  fighting  stopped  on  the  previous 
night,  with  some  fresh  ships,  had  opened  fire  at 
eight  o'clock,  and  about  eleven,  got  the  desired 
wind.      The  English  now  came  down  upon  van 
Tromp  with  great  fury,  and  the  impetus  of  their 
attack  was  rendered  more  effective  by  the  want 
of  experience  and  the  imprudence  of  some  of  the 
Dutch   captains,  who   allowed  themselves  to   be 
separated  from  the  main  body  of  their  fleet. 

Van  Tromp's  vessel,  the  Brederode,  was  so  badly 
shattered,  that  the  water  rose  in  the  powder 
magazine  in  spite  of  all  efforts  to  keep  it  out. 
She  was  only  saved  from  capture  by  the  timely 
aid  of  de  Euyter  and  Admiral  de  With.  Defeat 
became  certain,  and  every  effort  was  made  to 


lfclf-^l.»»ifl*Aifcjrirta-tia^^irthM*^1h''-MhAWlifc-W*Ai»^^  liJM^ 


f. 


1'  i        ^ 


'I  i 


52  LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 

reach  tlie  shoals.     The  English  followed  closely 
as  far  as  they  dared,  with  their  deeper  vessels. 
and  continued  firing   till  an  hour  after  sunset 
They  claimed  to  have  destroyed  eight  ships  and 
taken  U,  and  to  have  carried  off  1350  prisoners  * 
The  Dutch  admit  losing  seven  or  eight  vessels. 
Van   Tromp  and   his   fleet  were   now   safe    but 
Blake  and  Monk  had  won  the  command  of  the 
sea      Great  was  the  discontent  in  Holland.     Ihe 
principal  naval  officers  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
States  General,  complaining  of  the  condition  of 
the  fleet,  and   stating  among   other  things  that 
the  English  had  50  ships,  which  were  better  than 
that  of  Lieut.-Admiral  Van  Tromp. 

De  lluyter  refused  to  go  to  sea  again,  unless  a 
large  number  of  vessels  were  added,  which  must 
be  of  a  superior  type  to  those  then  in  use. 

Vice- Admiral  de  With  addressed  to  the  Assembly 
of  the  States  General,  the  celebrated  protest  which 
accurately  describes  for  all  time,  the  situation  of 
things  at  that  moment.  "  I  am  here  before  my 
sovereigns.  It  is  my  duty  to  tell  them  that  the 
En"-lish  are  now  masters  of  us,  and  therefore 
masters  of  the  sea."  ,  ,     ,, 

So  greatly  had  things  changed  for  the  nation 

*Lecliara(r.552)«ays..-soniesayim" 


APPRENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL   WARFARE. 


53 


'     '<1 


devoted  to  commerce,  and  which,  though  animated 
with  heroic  courage,  had  sold  its  best  warships 
when  the  Spanish  war  was  ended,  and  was  yet 
unfurnished  with  the  means  to  protect  the  trade 
on  which  its  very  existence  depended.* 

But  the  heart  of  Holland  has  never  beaten  with 
a  fuller  pulse  than  in  the  hour  of  danger,  and 
though  the  English  fleet  ranged  along  the  coast, 
and  took  20  merchantmen  oS  the  Texel,  while  the 
Baltic  and  East  Indian  commercial  fleets  were 
detained,  and  Cromwell's  government  rejected  the 
embassy  sent  them,  the  Dutch  resolved  to  con- 
struct larger  boats  and  heavier  cannon.  Placards 
were  issued,  ofiering  large  rewards  for  the  capture 
of  the  enemy's  ships,  and  with  a  curious  scale  of 
indemnities  for  injuries  suffered  by  the  defenders 
of  their  country.  The  loss  of  an  eye  entitled  the 
sailor  to  about  £20  in  cash,  the  loss  of  both  eyes 
to  about  £88,  the  same  fee  was  a  salve  for  the  loss 
of  two  arms,  but  the  loss  of  two  legs  only  merited 
£45.  The  figures  represent  a  considerably  larger 
amount  in  the  values  of  the  present  day.  Dissen- 
sions there  were  of  course,  but  preparations  for 
continuing  the  war  went  briskly  forward. 

*  De  Guiche  (pp.  25  and  26)  "  had  shown  .  .  .  that  they 
only  wanted  those  useful  for  merchandise." 


54 


LIFE  OF  DE  KUTTEE. 


In  the  north  a  fleet  of  25  to  27  vessels  had 
been  prepared  in  the  six  weeks  since  the  battle 
of  Nieuwport,  and  placed  under  the  command  of 
Vice- Admiral  de  With,  but  the  English  blocked 
the  Texel,  and  it  could  not  get  out. 

Meantime,  van   Tromp  had  remained  off  the 
coast  of  Zealand  and  had  refitted  his  ships.     He 
had  now  80  to  DO.*    With  these  he  started  on 
the  Gth  of  August  with  the  object  of  raising  the 
blockade  of  de  With,  if  possible,  without  bringing 
on  an  action.     By  eight  o'clock  on  the  morning 
of  the  8th,t  he  was  opposite  Egmond.     Here  he 
learnt  that  the  English  were  eight  leagues  N.N.E. 
of  him.     He  soon  came  in  sight  of  them.     The 
English  had  got  a  wind  by  eleven  o'clock  from 
W.N.W.,  and  van  Tromp  retired  to  the  S.S.W. 
in  order  to  draw  the  English  after  him,  but  some 
of  his   fast   sailers   having   been  caught  by  the 
English  frigates  at  four  o'clock,  a  cannonade  was 
carried  on  by  both  sides,  which  compeUed  van 
Tromp  to  await  the  enemy  and  to  enter  into  a 
general  engagement  off  Katwijk.    De  Ruyter  and 
Evertszoon,  who  were  very  forcibly  attacked,  lost 
fore  topmasts  and  had  their  sails  cut  to  pieces. 

'■■'  Looman  (p.  36)  also  gives  80  to  90  ships, 
t  Lediard  gives  dates  29th  to  Slst  (O.S.). 


APPEENTICESHIP  IN  NAVAL   WAKFARE. 


55 


( 


Yan  Tromp  coming  to  their  rescue,  the  fight 
lasted  till  one  hour  after  sunset,  neither  side 
getting  any  material  advantage.* 

That  night,  Yice- Admiral  de  With  shpped  out 
from  the  Texel  with  27  men-of-war  and  four  fire- 
ships.  All  the  beacons  had  been  removed  from 
the  coast  on  the  first  arrival  of  the  English,  and 
de  With  was  obliged  to  exercise  great  caution. 
Light  vessels  with  pilots  were  sent  in  advance 
taking  soundings  as  they  went  and  with  lanterns 
hung  out  to  indicate  the  practicable  channel.f 

The  9th  was  a  day  of  severe  weather  at  sea, 
and  serious  fighting  was  out  of  the  question. 
Van  Tromp,  however,  kept  the  English  fleet  im 
play  and  drew  them  down  the  coast  to  the  Hook 
of  Holland,  when  he  retired  to  the  estuary  of  the 
Maas.  At  five  in  the  afternoon,  de  With  and  van 
Tromp  had  succeeded  in  joining  hands.  Their 
forces  now  amounted,  according  to  Dutch  author- 
ities, to  106  men-of-war. 

Van  Tromp,  in  command  of  this  fleet,  advanced 
upon  the  English,  who  retired  northwards  along 
the  coast  during  the  night,  the  wind  blowing 
fresh  about  W.N.W. 

*  Looman  (p.  36)  says  with  the  ebbing  tide  both  fleets 
moved  further  from  the  coast. 

t  They  passed  through  the  Spanjaartsgat.    Looman,  p.  37. 


luiiM  '*ii       ^JL~  'Jm 


56 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


Next  morning,  Sunday,  August  lOtli,  1653,  at 
seven  o'clock,  almost  opposite  the  village  of 
Schevenin,iren,  the  battle  began.  It  is  alleged 
that  near  this  place  in  December,  1651  (Aitzema, 
quoted  by  Brandt),  tlie  fishermen  of  the  Maas  had 
seen  a  visionary  naval  contest  proceeding  in  the 
air.  However  that  may  have  been,  the  present 
fight  was  easily  seen  by  the  excited  spectators  on 
the  shore.  Yan  Tromp  led  the  right  wing,  de 
Euyter  the  left,  and  Evertszoon  the  centre,  whilst 
the   rear   w^=?  commanded  by    Vice- Admiral    de 

With.* 

Monk,  who  w\as  in  cliief  command  of  tlie 
Englisli  fleet  of  100  sliips,  with  Penn  and  Lawson 
as  his  second  and  third,  not  wishing  to  be  ham- 
pered witli  prizes  or  prisoners,  gave  orders  to  take 
no  ships  and  give  no  quarter. 

Van  Tromp  commenced  the  onslaught  with 
his  accustomed  brilliancv,  l>ut  wlien  he  wished  to 
return,  after  charging  tlirougli  the  enemy's  line, 
he  found  himself  cut  ofi',  and  was  struck  by  a 
musket  ball  just  below  the  left  breast,  the  wound 
proving  almost  immediately  fatal.  "I  have 
done,"  lie  murmured ;  "  have  good  courage."  His 
captain  signalled  to  the  other  commanders  to  hold 

*  Looman  says  (p.  37)  Floriszoon  was  joined  to  de  With. 


APPRENTICESHIP   IN   NAVAL   WARFARE.  57 

a  council  on  the  flagship.  They  decided  to  con- 
ceal the  death  and  kept  van  Tromp's  flag  flying. 
Evertszoon  now  took  command.  De  Ruyter, 
whose  flag  was  flying  in  the  Lam,  greatly  dis- 
tinguished  himself.  His  ship  carried  150  men 
and  30  to  40  guns.  Admiral  Lawson,  his  an- 
tagonist on  the  12th  of  June,  again  attacked  him, 
and  so  severe  was  their  encounter  that  de  Ruyter 
soon  lost  43  men  killed  and  35  wounded. 

His  foremast  and  main  topmast  were  shot  away, 
and  finally  his  vessel  had  to  be  towed  into  the 
Maas.  De  Ruyter  himself  returned  to  the  fight, 
which  continued  with  unabated  fierceness.  The 
Dutch  felt  they  were  fighting  for  the  existence 
of  their  beloved  fatherland,  and  were  incited  to 
deeds  of  reckless  heroism  by  the  crowds  that 
watched  them  from  the  shores,  or  the  rising 
dunes.  The  English  were  animated  by  the  con- 
temptuous valour  of  Monk,  whose  ship  appeared 
wherever  danger  was  imminent,  and  who  could 
boast  of  having  that  day  shot  down  the  flags  of 
van  Tromp,  Evertszoon,  and  de  Ruyter.  Between 
two  and  three  o'clock  it  was  apparent  that  after 
passing  through  the  English  four  times,  a  number 
of  the  Dutch  captains  had  withdrawn  their  ships 
from  the  main  battle.     De  With   attempted,  by 


58  LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTEE. 

attacking   the   enemy   with  the  rear-guard  and 
endeavouring  to  gain  the  weather,  to  bnng  back 
the  retreating  ships.      But  though  he  urgently 
si-malled  them  they  would  not  return,  and  after 
mtking  a  good  fight,  the  line  giving  way  iu  all 
directions,  he  was  obliged,  late  in  the  day,  to  retire 
to  the  N.E.,  followed  by  the  English,  who  had  got 
the  wind.      About  midnight,  however,  his  pur- 
suers  had  left   de  With,  and  he  continued  his 
course  to  the  Texel.     The  rest  of  the  Dutch 
escaped  among  the  shoals  at  the  moutli  of  the 
Maas.     The  English  claimed  that  the  Dutch  lost 
over  20  ships  and  from  5000  to  6000  men.     They 
took  1200  prisoners,  in  spite  of  Monk's  instruc- 
tions, and  admitted  losing  two  ships,  burnt,  and 
400  of  their  men  killed  and  700  wounded.* 

Vice-Admiral   de  With,  in   his   letters  to  the 
States,    admitted    that    12    to    14    ships    were 

missing. 

The  Dutch  claim  they  were  not  defeated,  as  the 
English  fleet  went  back  to  England  in  the  night 

for  repairs. 

The  English,  however,  exercised  a  control  of 

-  Looman  (p.  38)  says,  the  Dutch  loBt  500  dead,  700 
wounded,  and  10  shipB,  and  that  the  English  lost  eight  ships 
and  more  than  1200  men. 


APPBENTICESHIP  IN   NAVAL  WAEFABE.  59 

the  sea,  and  it  was  only  by  accident  tliat  Vice- 
Adrairal  de  With  was  able  to  pass  them  when 
convoying  an  outward  bound  fleet  through  the 
Channel,  and  in  returning  with  another  shortly 
after.  The  English  fleet  was  off  the  Vlie  and 
there  took  30  merchantmen,  capturing  also  near 
the  Scotch  coast,  four  frigates  and  many  herring 

busses. 

Holland  now  made  proposals  for  peace.  Crom- 
well, whose  hands  were  full,  was  willing  to  give 
up  the  English  claims— for  an  annual  rent  of  the 
herring  fishery,  for  the  right  of  search  at  sea, 
for  limiting  the  number  of  Dutch  men-of-war, 
and  for  Free  Trade  in  the  Schelde. 

The  Dutch  agreed  to  deliver  the  murderers  of 
the  English  at  Amboyna,  if  found ;  to  strike  the 
flag  to  English  ships,  thus  owning  to  our  dominion 
of  the  seas;  to  accept  the  Navigation  Act,  to 
exclude  the  House  of  Orange  from  the  office  of 
Stadholder,  to  pay  a  sum  for  reparation  and 
damages,  and  to  return  the  ships  seized  by  the 
King  of  Denmark.  The  Treaty  was  signed  April 
5th,  1654,  old  style,  or  April  15th,  new  style,  at 
Westminster.  The  Dutch  had  suffered  terribly 
in  the  war,  1700  prizes,  valued  at  £6,000,000, 
were  said  to  have  been  taken  by  the  English, 


CO 


LIFE  OF  DE  RDTTER. 


(     61     ) 


while  the  Dutch  only  captured  a  quarter  of  that 
number.''^ 

It  is  said  that  liolland  suffered  more  from  this 
war  of  23  months,  which  was  exclusively  a  naval 
war,  than  she  did  from  her  80  years'  war  with 
Spain  on  land  and  sea. 

The  often-quoted  words  of  her  own  historian 
Aitzema,  are  the  most  completely  descriptive  of 
her  condition : — 

*'  The  sources  of  revenue  which  had  always  maintained 
the  riches  of  the  state,  such  as  fisheries  and  commerce, 
were  almost  dry.  Workshops  were  closed,  work  was 
suspended.  The'znyder  Zee  Lame  a  forest  of  masts. 
The  country  was  full  of  beggars ;  grass  grew  in  the  streets, 
and  in  Amsterdam  1500  houses  were  untenanted." 


*  Looman  (p.  38)  says  the  Dutch  loss  in  merchant  ships 
in  this  war  was  1  GOO,  that  the  whale  fishery  was  forbidden 
by  the  State,  and  the  herring  fishery  forcibly  stopped  by 
the  enemy,  also  that  3000  houses  in  Amsterdam  were  empty. 


I 


A  Necessary  Leader. 

CALLED  TO  COMMAND— DUTCH  HOME  INTERESTS— THE  MEDITER- 
RANEAN—THE BALTIC— WEST  AFRICA  — WEST  INDIES  — 
\VASSENAAR*S  DEFEAT. 

De  Ruyter,  who  was  now  forty-seven  j^ears  old, 
had  retired  to  Flushing,  hoping  to  live  quietly  with 
his  family ;  but,  as  usual,  the  Government  could 
not  do  without  his  help  in  the  navy,  and  they 
had  already  offered  him  the  post  of  Vice- Admiral 
of  Holland,  under  the  Admiralty  of  Amsterdam. 
Their  proposal  was  declined,  but  on  their  again 
intreating  his  acceptance,  he  came  to  the  Hague, 
where  the  Grand  Pensionary  de  Witt  eventually 
succeeded  in  persuading  him  that  it  was  his  duty 
to  take  the  proffered  command.     He  accordingly 
decided  to  remove  his  family  to  Amsterdam,  which 
hereafter  became  their  home.     On  the   17th  of 
June,  1654,  he  hoisted  his  flag  on  the  Huis  te 
Swietm,  and  with  five   men-of-war  set  sail  for 
the  Mediterranean,  having  in  his  charge  a  fleet 


02 


LIFE  OP  DE   RUYTER. 


of  merchantmen.  Tie  returned  to  Amsterdam  in 
November  of  the  same  year.  In  the  following 
spring  he  was  made  a  burgess  of  Amsterdam. 
This  was  considered  a  great  honour,  though  the 
burgesses  of  Amsterdam  had,  about  100  years 
carher,  given  up  their  right  of  electing  the  Senate 
of  30  burgesses,  by  whom  the  municipal  govern- 
ment was  conducted.  The  senators  now  filled  up 
themselves  from  tlie  burgesses,  any  vacancy  in 
their  number.  They  sat  for  life,  and  nominated 
eighteen  echevins,  out  of  whom  nine  were  chosen 
and  appointed  by  the  burgesses  as  the  Court  of 
Magistrates  of  Amsterdam. 

Tlio  appointment  of  the  four  burgomasters  of 
the  town  was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Senate. 
With  the  burgomasters  lay  the  disposition  of  a 
number  of  offices  of  the  highest  importance,  as 
well  as  the  arrangement  of  finances  and  the 
keeping  of  the  key  of  the  Bank  of  Amsterdam, 
which  was  said  to  contain  the  greatest  treasure  In 
Europe. 

The  activities  of  the  Dutch  were  by  no  means 
confined  to  war  and  commerce.  The  claims  of 
science  and  art  had  not  been  at  any  time  entirely 
neglected  by  them,  and  about  the  period  we 
have  now  reached  there  were  several  groups  of 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


63 


ardent  workers  of  such  eminence  that  succeeding 
generations  must  always  stand  indebted  to  them. 
A  numerous  band  of  scholars  flocked  to  and 
from  the  learned  teachers  at  Leyden  and  else- 
where, and  the  names  of  Heinsius,  Vossius, 
Huygens,  Grotius,  Spinosa,  and  others,  were 
known  very  widely  on  the  Continent  and  in 
England. 

The  greatest  of  the  grammarians,  in  the  judg- 
ment of  contemporaries  was,  however,  a  little 
Frenchman,  Claude  de  Saumaise,  better  known 
by  the  ponderous  name  of  Salmasius,  whose 
erudite  criticism,  sought  for  by  princes,  was 
attracted  to  Holland's  great  university  by  Dutch 
opulence,  to  the  envy  of  other  less-favoured  seats 
of  learning.  His  reputation  had  reached  its 
zenith,  when  Milton  took  up  the  gauntlet  in 
defence  of  England,  and  dazzled  all  Europe  by 
the  brilliant  latinity  with  which  he  castigated  the 
grammarian  at  the  cost  of  his  own  eyesight. 

In  the  year  1606,  some  eight  months  earlier 
than  de  Ruyter's  birth,  the  human  pilgrimage  of 
Rembrandt  had  begun  in  the  miller's  house  on 
the  walls  at  Leyden.  He  was  now  the  recognized 
lord  of  light  and  shade.  In  1642,  his  "  Banning 
Cock  Club,"  better  known  as  the  "  Night  Watch," 


64 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


A  NECESSAKY  LEADER. 


65 


appeared,  and  work  after  work,  endowed  with 
the  warm  humanity  of  his  overwhelming  genius, 
had  come  forth  from  liis  studio. 

At  Amsterdam,  Harlem,  or  Leyden,  the  great 
masters  of  the  1 )utch  school  were  only  less  con- 
spicuous,  Frans  Hals  bringing  in  the  gay  note  of 
his  groups  from  his  favourite  guilds,  Euysdael 
and  Hobbema  tinging  their  art  with  the  sadness 
of  a  nation  w^iich  had  passed  through  80  years 
of  bitter  warfare,  while  Brouwer  and  his  pupil, 
Adriaan  van  Ostade,  painting  out  among  the  boors 
on  the  greenswards  interlaced  by  canals,  or  in 
tumbledown  peasant  homes,  gave  a  happier  view 
of  the  existence  of  the  very  poor,  the  existence  of 
de  Ruyter's  grandi)areiits  and  relatives. 

From  abounding  shadows  Rembrandt  brought 
forth  the  unfailing  ray  of  light  in  liis  pictures,  a 
striking  contrast  to  the  work  of  our  Turner,  glow- 
ing witli  joyous  liglit,  and  rendered  brigliter  by  his 
favourite  central  patch  of  dark  foliage.  Although 
art  Avas  appreciated  and  encouraged,  a  number 
of  these  great  painters  died  in  abject  misery. 
Like  bright  flow^ers  which  have  grown  from  seeds 
sheltered  beneath  the  snow-drift,  they  flourished 
for  a  time,  but  the  storm  and  stress  of  the  age  were 
too  severe  for  the  artistic  temperament. 


The  Reformation  had  almost  reformed  religious 
architecture  off  the  face  of  the  country.  The 
exultant  harmonies  of  the  traceries  of  Antwerp 
showed  the  heighths  to  which  the  Netherlanders 
might  attain,  but  the  stern  religionists  of  the 
sixteenth  century  seemed  to  think  that  their 
tabernacles  of  purple  brick  without,  and  whitewash 
within,  answered  all  purposes  of  art  and  religion. 
Still  Utrecht,  and  Harlem,  and  the  majestic  tower 
of  Dort,  remain  as  the  indications  of  a  higher 
watermark  in  religious  architecture  than  was  to 
be  reached  again.  Each  town  had  its  own  social 
coterie.  The  independence  and  individuality  of 
the  great  towns  of  the  Netherlands,  which  had  often 
degenerated  into  selfishness  and  insularity,  formed 
from  an  early  date  an  obstacle  to  complete  unison, 
even  in  a  country  of  so  small  ian  area.  One  of 
the  favourite  sources  of  revenue  of  a  Dutch 
Government  was  taxation  of  passenger  traffic 
between  the  towns  by  boat,  by  coach,  or  by  horse. 
None  the  less  could  Neeltje  bring  in  the  milk 
from  her  cows,  or  Jan  the  produce  of  his  farm 
by  the  excellent  roads  and  waterways.  The 
pleasures  of  social  intercourse  were  tempered  by 
Dutch  solidity  of  judgment,  and  the  visitors  from 
the  courts  of  Versailles  and  London,  astonished 


i     i 


66 


LIFE  OP  DE   RUYTER. 


at  the  virtue  of  the  women  in  this  land  of  orderly 
living,  could  only  explain  it  by  the  remark  that 
it  was  handed  down  from  mother  to  daughter, 
and  observed  as  a  sort  of  religion.  As  the  Dutch- 
man loved  liberty  for  himself,  so  his  wife  was 
probably  more  independent  than  any  woman  in 
Europe.  The  entire  management  of  the  house 
and  family  was  in  her  hands. 

Sir  AVilliam  Temple,  in  his  "  Observations  upon 
the  United  Provinces,"  which  include  the  year 
1672,  divides  the  Dutch  into  five  classes,  viz. 
the  noblemen  who  mixed  most  with  foreigners 
(and,  therefore,  differed  somewhat  in  their  tastes 
from  other  Dutchmen),  but  took  little  active  part 
in  State  affairs ;  the  rentiers,  living  either  on 
patrimonial  estates  or  on  their  investments  in 
the  funds,  who  furnished  the  principal  officers  of 
State,  magistrates,  etc.  ;  the  traders  or  merchants, 
who  only  occasionally  undertook  these  duties,  or 
intermarried  with  the  preceding  class ;  the 
mariners,  of  whom  we  have  already  spoken,  and 
the  boors,  who  he  says  were  very  restricted  in 
their  means,  and  lived  on  roots,*  herbs,  and  milk. 

*  Probably  Temple  is  thus  describing  some  of  the  Dutch 
vegetables,  which  they  still  produce  in  greater  abundance 
than  the  growers  on  this  side  of  the  Channel. 


A   NECESSABY  LExVDEIl. 


G7 


Simplicity  in  dress  and  in  meals,  was  common  to 
all  five  classes,  and  the  universal  custom  of  living 
within  their  incomes  made  them  willing  taxpayers, 
promoted  the  welfare  of  the  country,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  beauty  of  the  public  works,  which 
were  many  and  far  famed. 

The  enjoyments  of  the  different  classes  were 
not  dissimilar,  bowls  and  a  kind  of  backgammon 
being  general  favourites  among  games.*  Wild 
duck,  and  wild  goose  shooting,  which  was  popular 
with  students,  seems  to  have  brought  them  some- 
times disagreeably  in  contact  with  the  peasants 
who  bred  geese,  but  a  love  of  angling  was,  again, 
common  to  all,  and  fishing-parties  were  a  popular 
portion  of  the  social  round.  If  horse  sleighing 
and  skating,  in  which  latter  sport  a  contemporary 
says  the  ladies  threw  themselves  into  "  thousands 
of  agreeable  postnres,"  f  were  fashionable  for  the 
rich,  the  boors  also  had  their  handsleds^  in 
which  they  pushed  their  children — and  how 
beautiful  were  those  sleds  the  antiquity  shops  of 
the  Hague  bear  witness  to  this  day. 

On  wooden  skates,  shaped  like  a  weaver's  shuttle, 
the  boors  might  be  seen  scudding  along  in  large 

*  J.  de  Parival,  "  Les  dclices  de  la  Hollande,"  p.  221. 
t  Idem,  p.  473. 


mmmmmi'isnf'ifliilKfi 


'2''-i'iif*S'"'*'' 


68 


LIFE   OF  DE   RUYTEK. 


A   NECESSARY  LEADER. 


69 


parties  on  tlie  Siindfiys.  Lacrosse  was  one  of 
their  games  played  on  tin '  ice  with  a  small  hard  ball 
which  was  aimed  at  a  target.  It  is,  liowover,  in 
the  dancing  parties  of  boor  and  gentleman  that,  in 
the  seventeenth  centnry,  some  of  the  most  curiotis 
social  features  are  to  be  fmmd.  A  few  days  after 
a  boor's  marriage,  :i  feast  might  be  given,  at  whicli 
the  guests  would  eacli  contribute  a  present  in 
eatables.  These  tlie  donors  would  themselves 
serve  or  carve.     The  x  would  include   rice- 

pudding,  stock  fish,  i)otatues,  and  liam,  witli  beer 
in  plenty.  At  evening,  if  the  house  were  small, 
the  dance  would  take  place  in  a  neighbouring 
house.  In  thi^  case  the  bride  would  be  led  to  it 
l»v  a  violin  plaver,  and  .she  would  open  tlie  dance 
witli  the  master  of  the  house,  who  must  receive 
from  her  a  liat  or  a  wliite  liandkercliief,  as  a 
return  gift.  The  drinking  of  gin,  and  the  hilarity, 
increased  during  the  evening,  till  the  host  or 
liusband,  considered  that  enough  liad  been  con- 
sumed, when  he  ''knocked  off,"  to  translate  the 
Dutch  expression,  and  tliose  guests  who  required 
more  drink  obtained  it  for  payment  from  pur- 
vevors  who  now^  appeared  on  the  scene.* 

''  Dr.    tSchotel,  "Oude   zeden   en   Gebruiken"   (from   an 
uiiunymous  mannscript). 


V 


I 


Among  the  upper  classes,  the  puritanical  spirit 
of  the  age  had  inculcated  a  suspicion  of  the 
dangers  of  dancing,  and  a  "Travelling  Journal 
through  Rome  to  England,"  by  W.  de  Mey,  a 
young  man  of  quality,  1679  to  1680,*  argues  the 
point  from  the  other  side,  and  says,  that  "  such 
dancing  as  the  'courant'  is  really  more  like 
walking  in  order  and  with  proportion,"  but  adds, 
that  serious  people  reasonably  object  to  the 
"  frivolous  jumps  of  the  minuet  or  the  sarabande, 
which  is  a  thing  of  bad  consequences  that  should 
not  be  tolerated  in  a  republic  which  administers 
justice."  The  journal  continues  that  the  more 
liberal  would  allow  dancing  between  members  of 
the  same  sex,  but  the  dancing  (of  the  minuet  and 
sarabande)  "  by  men  and  women  together,  gives 
occasion  to  immodest  thoughts,  and  that  is 
frivolity."  The  dancing  of  modest  figures,  by 
men  with  young  ladies,  the  writer  highly  aj)proves, 
as  removing  the  bashful  "  ticklishness  of  feeling 
produced  by  gazing  at  one  another  and  gallant 
conversation,  for  this,"  he  continues,  "  dancing 
prevents  by  the  necessity  of  thinking  of  steps  and 
posture." 

To  turn  from  the  dancing  to  the  more  serious 

*  Quoted  in  idem. 


70 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTEK. 


side  of  life,  tliat  of  the  clergy,  with  whom  de 
JRuyter  was  connected  by  the  marriages  of  two  of 
his  daughters,  we  find  that  their  way  of  living 
was  of  the  simplest  and  most  severe. 

A  brocliiire,  piibh'slied  by  a  Diitcli  clergyman 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  gives 
the  necessary  expenses  of  a  clergyman  and  wife 
without  children.  It  shows  that  the  two  could 
really  not  live  at  500  guilders — I.e.  £41 — per 
annum.  In  their  list  of  cvp^iiovjo  is  to  be  found 
nothing  for  enjoyments,  all  tlie  items  are  for  the 
absolute  necessities  of  life.  The  meat,  of  all  kinds, 
for  a  year,  would  cost  them  nt  least  50  guilders, 
say  a  little  over  £4,  at  1^.  8(/.  per  guilder ;  the 
fish,  fresli  and  salt  together,  20  guilders ;  bread, 
36 ;  butter,  with  the  tax  on  it,  48  ;  while  their 
maximum  of  200  eggs  would  be  4  guilders.  The 
clergyman  remarks  tliat  his  wife  must  give  a 
good  example  in  cliarities,  tlierefore  he  puts  10 
2:uilders  down  to  tliat  account.    His  40  florin  cloak 

CD 

lasts  him  two  years,  and  he  charges  it  accordingly ; 
but  his  wife's  mantle  with  a  liood,  costing  the  same 
amount,  will  last  her  ten  years,  and  lie  therefore 
only  debits  her  with  four  guilders  for  the  year. 

The  total  expenses  of  these  hard  striving  people 
lor  the  year,  after  all  details  have  been  filled  in, 


A  NECESSARY  LEADEH. 


71 


\ 


amounts  to  547  florins,  or  £45.  De  Euyter's 
two  clerical  sons-in-law  were  Bernardus  Somer 
of  Amsterdam,  who  married  his  daughter  Mar- 
gareta;  and  Thomas  Potts  of  Flushing,  whose 
wife  was  Alida,  daughter  of  de  Euyter's  second 
marriage.  The  Potts  accordingly  obtained  about  a 
third  of  his  property  after  de  Euyter's  surviving 
wife  had  taken  out  her  half  of  the  estate,  but 
Mevrouw  Somer,  being  the  offspring  of  de  Euyter's 
third  marriage,  would  only  get  at  that  time  a 
nominal  amount,  as  she  would,  on  the  death  of  her 
mother,  receive  all  her  mother's  moiety.  There 
was  another  interesting  arrangement  in  her  case. 
The  will  shows  that  Mevrouw  Somer  alone  in  the 
family  had  jewels  given  her  on  her  marriage 
(they  were  valued  at  £100),  and  this  had  to  be 
deducted  in  dividing  the  admiral's  estate.  Evi- 
dently both  the  clergymen  fared  better  than  the 
writer  of  the  brochure  above  quoted,  when  they 
obtained  the  hands  of  the  admiral's  daughters. 

At  Dordrecht,  most  venerable  of  Dutch  cities, 
where  a  polished  and  aristocratic  society  main- 
tained its  culture  by  learned  discussion,  the  Grand 
Pensionary's  father,  the  elder  de  Witt,  might  be 
seen  in  old  age  a  confirmed  misanthrope,  ever 
recalling  his  imprisonment  in  Loewenstein  by 


LIFE   OF   DE   KUYTEK. 


William  II.,  avoiding  his  friends,  and,  by  way  of 
saying'  good  morning  to  his  son,  reminding:  him 
of  the  "  prison  of  Loewenstein."  Among  the 
town*^  of  Soutli  Ilollaiid,  Dort  and  Delft  were 
ever  the  firmest  in  support  of  tlie  de  Witts. 

There  were  glonuus  associations  connected  with 
the  House  of  Orange  ;  Init  there  were  also  some 
bittter  memories  bound  n[)  witli  the  last  two 
genern^i' ^^is.  Its  devoted  supporters  were  divided 
to  some  extent,  even  in  the  family  of  the  prince 
himself,  whose  German  grandmother,  the  dowager 
prihL  ^  ,  was  in  disa^^.ucment  witli  his  English 
mother  Mary  Stuart. 

The  province  of  Zealand,  which  ranked  in  im- 
portance after  tlie  province  of  Holland,  had 
always  been  very  mncli  under  the  influence  of  tlie 
members  of  tlie  Orange  family,  who  were  among 
other  things  Lords  of  Flushing:  and  Terveere,  and 
consequently  controlled  tlie  deputies  from  those 
places.  They  had,  indeed,  been  iustrumeutal  in 
giving  the  great  towns  of  Holland  and  Zealand 
their  paramount  control  in  those  provinces,  and 
had  correspondingly  diminished  the  power  of  the 
nobles  there.  In  Friesland  and  Groningen  the 
Prince  of  Orange  was  also  gaining  ground. 

It  was  this  condition  of  home  politics,  tending 


A   NECESSARY  LEADER. 


as  it  did  to  make  the  Dutch  of  the  seventeenth 
century  sensitive  to  the  least  move  on  the  part  of 
their  leaders,  which  they  did  not  comprehend,  that 
drove  their  otherwise  phlegmatic  temperament 
into  excitement,  which,  in  the  space  of  ten  years, 
showed  itself  in  some  four  unwarranted  personal 
attacks  on  tlieir  leaders,  resulting  in  the  death  of 
two  of  them.  Thus  society  was  divided  into  two 
camps,  the  supporters  of  de  AVitt  being  the  more 
aristocratic,  but  the  Orange  faction,  which  em- 
braced more  of  the  people,  was  gradually  making 
inroads  into  the  more  polite  domain  of  its  oppo- 
nents. The  great  policy  of  de  Witt  was,  of  course, 
decried  by  the  friends  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  at 
every  turn.  At  one  moment  it  was  said  to  be 
de  AVitt's  vanity  which  governed  his  action,  at 
another  his  hatred  of  the  House  of  Orange,  to 
which  they  disingenuously  alleged  he  would 
gladly  have  sacrificed  the  country.  The  oppor- 
tunities of  sowing  dissension  among  the  seven 
provinces  were  cleverly  manipulated  by  Charles 
II.  and  Louis  XIA^.,  and  did  not  fail  to  add  to  the 
difficulties  of  government. 

On  the  18th  of  June,  1655,  de  Ruyter  again 
sailed  for  the  Mediterranean  in  the  Huis  van 
Tydverdryf,  with  nine  other  warships,  escorting  a 


ii*rt«!j|ti»rlKrjA''l  *V.t 


:'l«j«*5g3|?'' 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


75 


fleet  of  50  merchant  vessels.  He  had  very  distinct 
orders  as  to  dealing  with  the  Barbary  and  other 
pirates  then  infesting  the  Mediterranean.  Meet- 
ing Admiral  Blake,  these  two  greatest  com- 
manders of  their  respective  nations  at  that  day, 
saluted  one  another  very  cordially,  and  expressed 
their  mutual  respect  in  a  practical  way,  de  Ruyter 
sending  the  English  admiral  a  tun  of  beer  and 
some  rum  or  hock,  and  receiving,  as  his  historian 
says,  some  fine  jams  in  return. 

De  Ruyter,  passing  along  the  Spanish  coast, 
negotiates  about  a  Dutch  vessel  which  had  been 
lately  taken,  then  through  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar 
lie  chases  the  Admiral  of  Algiers,  and  after  a  fierce 
encounter  takes  his  vessel,  and  some  others. 
Arrived  at  the  town  of  Salee,  he  makes  arrange- 
ments for  a  treaty  witli  the  chief,  and  again  starts 
in  pursuit  of  the  corsairs. 

He  also  negotiated  with  his  friends  at  Salee 
for  the  purchase  of  Arab  books  and  maps,  so 
varied  were  his  orders  from  the  States  General. 
In  May,  1G5G,*  lie  was  back  again  in  Amsterdam, 
and  by  the  end  of  that  month  he  was  starting 
for  the  Baltic,  with  Floriszoon  and  the  younger 
van  Tromp,  commanding  25  vessels,  with  orders 

*  Looman  (p.  63)  May  2iid,  1656. 


1 


,r' 


( 


to  keep  open  the  passage  of  the  Sound  during 
the  continuance  of  the  war  between  Sweden  and 
Poland.  Lieut.-Admiral  Opdam  afterwards  went 
to  command  the  fleet,  which  was  much  enlarged. 
Then  in  the  autumn  they  were  all  recalled,  and 
de  Ruyter  returned  to  the  Mediterranean  station,* 
where  French  privateers  were  doing  great  damage 
to  Dutch  trade,  although  the  French  were 
supposed  to  be  on  the  best  of  terms  with  Holland. 
On  one  occasion,  when  chasing  two  of  these 
vessels,  he  hoisted  English  colours,  wetted  the 
sails  to  increase  speed,  and  having  got  near 
them,  he  ordered  their  captains  on  board,  when 
to  his  surprise  he  recognized  in  one  of  the 
prisoners.  Captain  la  Lande,  the  pirate  who  had 
taken  him  prisoner  and  released  him  some  years 
before.  De  Ruyter  accordingly  treated  this  man 
extremely  well,  but  had  to  hand  him  over  to  the 
Dutch  authorities  to  deal  with.f  His  two  ships, 
however,  belonged  to  the  King  of  France,  and 
though  de  Ruyter  had  taken  them  when  engaged 
in  piracy,  the  Dutch  had  to  make  amends  to 
France,  for  the  king  had  lent  his  vessels  to  be 


* 


Looman  (p.  56)  December  24th,  1656. 
t  La  Lande's  sword  was  shown  in  the  de  Kuyter  exhibi- 
tion at  Flushing,  1894. 


r»;.''  ,-i^BtAiMi!&MaHi>  •  h  t^-.-nw! 


76 


LIFE   OF   DE   EUYTER. 


A   NECESSARY  LEADER. 


used  as  pr/  '  •?,  on  the  condition  that  a  third 
of  the  proceeds  of"  the  robberies  should  go  to  a 
certain  great  man,  but  lie  did  not  intend  to  lose 
them.  De  Ruyter  had,  however,  sold  one  of  the 
privateers  at  Cadiz  in  tlie  mean  time. 

From  Cadiz  he  went  on  to  Salee  in  the  spring 
of  1657,  completed  his  treaty  with  the  Moors,  and 
patrolling  the  Italian  coast,  gave  chase  to  a 
flotilla  of  French  privateers,  of  whom  he  took  one 
and  drove  the  others  into  the  harbour  of  Spezzia, 
where  he  blockaded  them  till  news  was  received 
of  the  settlement  of  the  questions  in  dispute  with 
France.  He  then  went  tliroiigh  the  Straits  to 
Cadiz.  It  was  at  that  time  an  axiom  in  Dutch 
policy  that  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar  should  be 
kept  clear.  All  the  enormous  trade  of  Holland 
with  the  Mediterranean  depended  upon  her  ability 
to  maintain  this  state  of  thiuors,  so  necessary  at 
the  present  day  to  England. 

At  Cadiz  de  Ruyter  bouglit  back  from  the 
Spaniards  for  the  original  purchase  money,  la 
Lande's  vessel,  the  Beine,  that  the  Dutch  miirht 
return  it  to  France.  When  passing  through  the 
Straits  again  eastward,  he  received  orders  to 
cruise  off  the  coast  of  Portugal,  with  which 
country  war  was  declared  later  in  the  year,  on 


77 


i/ 
I 


account  of  Portuguese  depredations  in  the  Dutch 
possessions  in  the  Brazils. 

Lieut.-Admiral  Opdam,  now  known  as  Lord  of 
AVassenaar,  took  the  chief  command,  and  the 
united  fleets  blockaded  the  mouth  of  the  Tagus. 
Having  captured  15  ships  of  the  Portuguese 
sugar  fleet,  Wassenaar  deemed  it  wise  to  take 
them  to  Holland  without  delay. 

Though  subjected  to  very  stormy  weather,  the 
fleet  and  prizes  arrived  at  the  Texel  December  6th, 
1G57.*  Early  in  1G58  de  Euyter  was  sent  with 
^:1  ships  to  lie  off  the  coast  of  Portugal,  but 
owing  to  the  violence  of  the  weather,  did  not 
arrive  there  till  the  end  of  June.  The  Portu- 
guese would  not  risk  aa  engagement,  and  the 
blockade  continued,  to  the  great  damage  of  their 
trade,  which  was  now  at  a  standstill,  and  the  loss 
of  many  vessels  to  their  shipping  industry. 

De  Euyter  sent  some  of  his  ships  into  the 
Mediterranean,  and  was  able  to  use  Cadiz  for  the 
refitting  of  such  as  required  repairs. 

The  life  of  the  seaman  was  then  much  harder 
than  even  at  the  end  of  last  century,  and  the 
illness  and  mortality  were  much  greater.    Though 

*  Including  a  storesliip  with  over  624  chests  of  sugar  and 
1000  skins  (Looman,  p.  66). 


> 


t*»aa 


liMW-!.-.  »^-  .^  -  -.^^  ■^^-^-^-  .  ■ 


78 


LIFE  OF  DE   nUYTER. 


1 


the  Dutch  have  always  borne  the  highest  reputa- 
tion for  clearih'ness,  yet  their  ships   were   often 
very  Ibul  at  this  period,  and  much  ilhiess  pre- 
vailed  amongst  the  crews,  even  after  being   at 
sea  only  two  or  three  months.     So  changed  were 
the  conditions  when  Nelson  was  able  to  keep  his 
sailors  free  from  illness,  after  more  than  twelve 
months  of  sea  life.     De  Ruyter  took  the  keenest 
personal  interest  in  the  condition  of  liis  men,  and 
thougli    a    strict    disciplinarian,   the  warmth   of 
his   sympatliy  is  alway    conspicuous.     Like   our 
Admiral  Blake,  and    indeed  many  of  the   great 
men    of  that  period,  his  character   had   a   deep 
religious  basis.     Every  Sunday  on  deck  he  read 
the  Bible  to  the  sailors.     It  is  said  to  have  been 
his  favourite,  probably  (as  with  the  Puritan  of  the 
early  seventeenth  century),  it  was  practically  his 
only  book.     He  delighted  to  join  in  singing  the 
psalms,  not  only  because  he  deemed  it  beneficial 
to  himself  and  others,   but  because  he   liked  to 
exercise  his  excellent  voice.     In  accordance  with 
his  instructions,   he    took  his  fleet  home  in  the 
autumn  of  1658. 

In  the  mean  time  Holland's  close  ally,  the  Kino* 
of  Denmark,  had  become  embroiled  with  Sweden, 
and  had  succeeded    in  drawing  the  Dutch  into 


A   NECESSARY  LEADER. 


79 


the  contest.*     It  was  necessary  to  Holland,  that 
the    .status   quo    in   the    Baltic    should    not    be 
materially  changed,  and  Wassenaar  consequently 
took  some  2,000   troops  f  with  the  fleet  to  the 
Sound.     He  entered  the  Sound,  under  fire  of  the 
Swedish    batteries    and    fleet,    on    the    8th    of 
November,  1G58,  after  a  severe  fight,  in  which 
the  Dutch  manifested  their  superiority  on  their 
own   element.     The    news   of   this   victory  was 
received  with  great  satisfaction  in  Holland,  but 
it  was  recognized  that  an  army  would  be  more 
useful  than  a  fleet.     The  States  General  therefore 
decided  to  recall  Wassenaar  with  1 1  of  his  laro-est 
ships,  and  to  send  de  Kuyter  into  the  Baltic  with 
four  vessels  as  an  escort  to  Colonel  Killegrew 
and    4000    troops,   whom   they    had    ready    to 
despatch.     These  arrangements  were  all  delayed 
by  the  news   that   the   new  Protector,  Eichard 
Cromwell,  was  sending  an  English  fleet  to  the 
Sound,  and  it  was  soon  after  decreed  that   the 
Greenland  shipping  trade  and  the  whale  fishery 
should  be  stopped  in  order  to  provide  a  sufficiency 
of    sailors.       The    majority   of    the    merchants 

*  Dr.  Wynne,  ««Algemeene  Geschiedenis  Derde   Deel,'" 
chap.  XXV.  p.  97. 

t  Brandt.     Looman  (p.  09)  says  40  ships. 


80 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


I 


I 


( 


interested  in  these  industries  thereupon  offered 
to  provide  I -00  hardened  sailors  at  15  livres 
(guilders)  a  month,  if  the  stop  on  their  business 
were  removed.  This  Wiis  accepted,  and  on  the 
20th  of  iMay,  1()51»,  de  liuyter  sailed  from  the 
Texel  witli  4,1  sliips,  with  orders  to  place  himself 
under  tlie  flag-  of  Lieut. -.Vdmiral  Wassenaar. 
"Wvry  precise  instructions  were  given  to  avoid  a 
contest  with  the  English  fleet,  except  in  the  case 
of  tlie  latter  endeavouring  to  block  their  progress. 
Colonel  Killegrew  was  to  be  landed  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  was  to  follow  tlie  instructions  of  the 
King  of  Denmark.  On  tlie  IStli  of  July  the 
entire  Dutcli  command,  after  a  friendly  meeting 
with  the  Englisli  fleet,  liad  reached  Copenhagen. 

At  tliis  time  the  ambassadors  of  England, 
France,  Holland,  Denmark,  and  Sweden  were 
busily  engaged  in  negotiations  (intended  to  pre- 
serve peace),  which  dragged  on  for  many  months. 

The  English  fleet  sailed  on  the  5tli  of  September, 
its  commander  Sandwich  being  engaged  with 
Monk  in  conspiring  for  the  return  of  the  Stuarts. 

The  provisioning  of  such  a  large  number  of 
Dutch  vessels  was  becoming  a  difficulty.  There 
was  a  great  scarcity  of  all  necessaries  in  Denmark, 
and  the  health  of  the  crews  was  suffering ;  Wasse- 


1 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER.  gi 

naar  himself  was  more  or  less  ill,  and  consequently 
left  for  Holland,  with  20  vessels,  early  in  Novem- 
ber.*     De  Ruyter  remained  commanding-in-chief 
the  important  fleet  which  was  left.     Negotiations 
for  peace   had  failed.      The  provisioning  of  the 
fleet,  the  convoying  of  merchant  vessels  to  and 
from  Dantzic,  and  the  embarkation  of  a  body  of 
Danish  troops  at  Kiel  gave  him  constant  occupa- 
tion.    Early  in  the  previous  year  the  King  of 
Sweden,  Charles  Gustavns,  had  crossed  the  narrows 
north   of  the  Little  Beit  on  the  ice,  with  some 
6000   troops,    and   had   captured   the    island    of 
Funen.      It  was  now  decided,  with  de  Ruyter's 
assistance,  to  endeavour  to  retake  it.     On  the  8th 
of  November  he  appeared  off  Nyborg,  with  about 
100  ships,  having  on  board  5200  cavalry  and  4600 
foot ;  but  the  enemy  were  found  fully  prepared, 
and  kept  up  such  a  heavy  fire,  that  it  was  found 
impossible   to  land.      Next  day  de  Ruyter   pro- 
posed to  the  Danish  generals  to  make  a  feint  of 
landing  at  night,  and   to  set  sail   in   the   early 
morning  for  Kiertemunde,  which  lies  as  the  crow 

*  Looman,  p.  74.  He  gave  the  command  to  de  Ruyter 
October  19th,  1659.  Do  Kuyter,  through  the  influence,  un- 
sought for  on  his  part,  of  the  States  of  Holland,  had  been 
promoted  over  Vice-Admiral  Johan  Evertszoon,  his  senior. 

G 


"  i 


82 


LIFE  OF  BE   RUYTEK. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


83 


flies  some  10  or  12  miles  north  of  Nyborg,  on  the 
east  coast  of  Fimen.     The  empty  long  boats  were 
sent  towards  tlie  shore  in  the  night,  with  much 
show  of  preparation,  and  a  cannonade  was  kept 
up,  the  Swedes  replying  briskly,  but  at  four  o'clock 
in  the  morning-  tlic  whole  fleet  sailed  for  Kierte- 
munde.     A  change  of  wind  forced  the  ships  out 
of  their  course,  but  by  midday  they  were  before 
the    town.       Tliey    anchored    immediately,   and 
poured  a  sustained   fire  upon  the  houses  there, 
and  on  the  cavalry  in  and  out  of  the  place.     The 
Danish  admiral  and  vice-admiral  went  on  board 
de  Euyter,  who  then  accompanied  them  to  the 
Danish    flagship,    and     himself    persuaded    the 
Danish  military  commander,  Marshal  Schaek,  to 
land  the  troops,  as  it  was  ah'eady  late,  two  o'clock, 
and  time  was  of  the  greatest  importance.     The 
long  boats  were  manned,  and  de  Euyter  himself 
was  rowed  near  the  shore  where,  standing  upright 
in  his  boat  under  a  heavy  lire,  he  called  to  the 
soldiers,  "  Forward,  friends,  forward,  or  you  are 
all  dead  men ! ''     The  men,  in  water  up  to  their 
waists,  struggled  to  the  firm  ground,  where  the 
Swedish   infantry,   protected    by   entrenchments 
and   flanked    by   cavalry,   were   firing    repeated 
volleys  into  their  ranks ;  but,  covered  by  the  fire 


from   the  ship,  the  assailants  were   in  the  end 
victorious,  and   carried    the    town,   the    Swedes 
retiring  to  Nyborg.     Two  sailors  had  been  killed 
in  the  boat  which  held  de  Euyter,  but  he   re- 
mained there   until   the  assault   was   successful. 
On  the  next  two  days  the  cavalry  were  landed, 
and  provisions  for  a  week  were  given  out ;  but, 
although  de  Euyter  urged  the  necessity  of  im- 
mediate action,  it  was  only  on  the  17th  that  the 
march   to  Nyborg  began.      It   proceeded    very 
slowly,  because  of  the  very  narrow  defiles  through 
which  the  troops  had  to  pass,  and  also  owing  to 
a  heavy  fall  of  snow.*    The   Danes  meanwhile 
received  some  reinforcements  from  the  mainland 
of  Denmark.     They  found  the  Swedes,  on  the  23rd 
of  November,!  about  7000  in  number,  and  posted 
about  a  league  from  Nyborg  on  the  slope  of  a  hill, 
with  a  hollow  or  ditch  and  thick  hedge  in  front, 
which  were  utilized  by  musketeers  as  cover.     The 
Prince  of  Sultsbach  and  Marshal  Steinbok  were 
in  command.     The  Danes  and  allies  were  under 
Marshals    Eberstein    and     Schaek,    and    Major- 
General    Tramp.      They    amounted,   as   already 
stated,   to  about    5200   cavalry  and   4600   foot. 

*  Looman,  p.  76. 

t  Novomber  24th  (Looman,  p.  76). 


|: 


•m .:«-iPniawii Hi 1 iiiiriiiiiiiillliiiiiiilM^^^^ 


mpmiiiniiiiimiim 


84 


LIFE  OF  DE   KUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


85 


The  Dutcli  continn^ent  was  in  the  centre,  only  a 
few  companies  of  them  being  mixed  with  the  left 
wing.  The  Danish  cavalry  and  the  right  wing 
began  the  fight,  and  pushed  gallantly  on  as  far 
as  tlie  line  of  liedges,  but  there  met  with  a  re- 
sistance that  caused  them  to  fall  back  in  such 
disorder,  tliat  the  Swedes,  who  at  tlie  same  time 
repelled  the  left  wing,  were  able  to  seize  some  of 
the  Danish  cannon.  The  Dutch  of  the  centre 
received  the  order  to  charge  at  this  moment;  and 
in  closed  battalions,  with  ,„ko,  lowered,  the, 
swept  through  the  ranks  of  the  Swedes — probably 
somewhat  scattered  in  their  pursuit  of  the  Danes 
and  Germans— and  speedily  recaptured  thecaniions. 
It  was  afterwards  admitted  that  the  line  was  im- 
broken  wherever  it  was  formed  by  the  Dutch 
troops.  The  allies,  wlicn  once  rallied,  surrounded 
and  almost  cut  to  pieces  the  Swedish  infantry. 
The  cavalry  retreated  into  Nyborg,  but  the  Prince 
of  Sultsbach  and  Marslial  Steinbok  escaped 
through  a  wood  which  extended  to  the  shore,  and 
there  bribed  a  fisherman  to  take  them  over  to 
Zealand.  De  Ruyter,  who  was  out  in  the  Great 
Belt  directing  the  movements  of  Dutch  fleets,  was 
summoned  after  the  victory,  and  on  the  25th  of 
November  posted  some  of  his  vessels  on  the  coast 


! 


II 


about   north-north-east   of   the    town,   with    in- 
structions to   fire   on   the  Swedes  there.      With 
the  remainder  of  the  fleet  he  attacked,  and  soon 
silenced,   the  fort   of    Knutshovet,   which   com- 
manded the  entrance  to  the  port  of  Slipshaven. 
He  then  entered  the  port,  and  anchoring  his  war- 
ships close  to  the  town  of  Nyborg,  hurled  such 
a  deadly  shower  into  the  houses  and  closely  packed 
streets,  that  after  an  hour's  bombardment  the  un- 
fortunate Swedes  could  bear  it  no  longer.     They 
surrendered  at  discretion,  and  the  town  was  dis- 
gracefully pillaged.    De  Ruyter,  who  disapproved 
of  this  incident,  with  which  the  Dutch  had  nothing 
to  do,*  left  on  the  28th  for  Lubeck  to  provision 
his  ships. 

The  King  of  Sweden  was  painfully  impressed 
by  the  defeat  of  his  renowned  troops,  and  the 
capture  of  Funen.  It  is  said  that  his  cheerfulness 
and  his  health  were  permanently  impaired  by 
these  events.  By  the  9th  of  December,  the  king's 
representatives  had  signed  a  paper  preliminary  to 
the  arrangement  of  peace.  The  King  of  Denmark 
received  de  Ruyter  and  his  officers  on  their  return 
from  Lubeck  with  enthusiastic  gratitude,  and  de 

*  Looman,  p.  78.     This  account  is  based  upon  Aitzema, 
Brandt,  and  Looman. 


i 


■iiiniia iiiiiiiii"   "' 


86 


LIFE  OF  DE  BUYTER. 


Ruyter   was  presented  with  a  magnificent  gold 
chain  and  a  medal  with  a  likeness  of  the  king  set 
in  42  diamonds.     The  rejoicings  were  great  in 
Copenhagen,   and   de    Ruyter    was    everywhere 
treated   as   the   hero   of    tlie   war.      The   States 
General  also  testified  their  satisfaction  in  a  resolu- 
tion, of  which  a  copy  was  sent  him.     The  winter 
of  1659  to  1600  was  a  severe  one,  and  de  Riiyter's 
fleet  was  frozen  up  in  the  Sound.     He  kept  some 
of  his  soldiers  in  Copenhagen,  in  view  of  a  possible 
attack  by  the  Swedes  across  the  ice,  and  he  had 
to  cut  the  ice  away  from  his  ships  for  the  same 
reason.     The  cases  of  mortality  and  sickness  on 
the  Dutch  ships  greatly  increased  in  this  winter. 
Not  until  the   20th  of  February,   1660,  was  de 
Ruyter  able  to  despatch  any  vessels.      At  that 
date  he  sent  a  galiot  to  reconnoitre  the  Swedish 
fleet  assembled  at  Landscrona.     It  was  found  to 
number  36  ships,  and  de  Ruyter  accordingly  sent 
his  men-of-war  to   blockade   tliem.      Arrived  at 
Landscrona  himself  on  the  ord  of  ^larch,  he  sent 
some  of  his  vessels  home,  and  remained  with  the 
others.     The   King  of  Sweden  had  died  on  the 
23rd  of  February.     Peace,  however,  was  not  yet 
definitely  agreed  upon,  and  de  Ruyter  continued 
the  blockade,  in  spite  of  the  disappointment  of  the 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


87 


i' 


English  and  French  ambassadors.  Not  till  the 
6th  of  June  was  the  treaty  of  peace  signed.  De 
Ruyter  transported  some  of  the  Swedish  troope 
from  the  island  of  Zealand  across  the  Sound  to 
Sweden,  for  which  he  received  the  thanks  of  both 
Danes  and  Swedes.  The  Swedish  leader,  Marshal 
Steinbok,  then  entertained  him  in  the  most 
splendid  manner  at  Cronnenborg. 

On  the  7th  of  August  a  despatch  was  received 
from  the  States  General  recalling  the  Dutch  fleet, 
and  preparations  were  commenced  for  leaving. 
The  Danish  king,  who  had  hoped  to  keep  de 
Ruyter  longer  with  him,  now  conveyed  to  him 
the  highest  marks  of  his  admiration,  by  ennobling 
him  and  his  family.  The  patents  of  nobility  were 
accompanied  by  a  coat-of-arms  (which  was  granted 
to  him  at  the  same  time),*  and  a  letter  to  the 
States  General,  declaring  the  high  appreciation 
in  which  the  services  and  qualities  of  de  Ruyter 
were  lield  in  Denmark.  Leaving  Copenhagen 
August  13th,  de  Ruyter  arrived  at  the  Vlie  on 
the  3rd  of  September.  Crossing  the  Zuyder  Zee 
in  another  vessel,  he  was  run  into,  and  was  only 

*  The  Danes  now  (as  they  did  with  Nelson  about  a  century 
and  a  half  later)  endeavoured  to  prove  that  the  Admiral  was 
of  Danish  descent. 


if 


88 


LIFE   OF  DE   RUYTER. 


Haved  from  drowninrr  l^y  cliimlno:  to  the  ri^'-o-inir 
With  his  femily,  in  Amsterdam,  he  pnbh'clj  gave 
thanks    to  Heaven  for  his  preservation  from  so 
many  dangers. 

An  event  of  the  greatest  imj )ortance  to  Holland 
had  taken  place  in  the  spring  of  this  year  (KIGO), 
viz.  the  accession  of  niarles  11.  to  the  thrunu  of 
England.     Tlie  royal  exile,  who  had  been  living 
at  Breda,  before  leaving  for  his  kingdom,  went 
to  Amsterdam,  wliere  a  fea«t  of  the  most  magni- 
ficent description  was  given  liim.     It  is  claimed 
by  the   Dutch   that   he    had    privately  received, 
from   time   to   time,  large   money  i)resents  from 
their  wealthy  capital.     Cliarles  told  the  deputies 
of  the  States  General,  that  "  his  affection  for  them 
was  as  great  as  tliat  of  all  the  other  kings  put 
together."     None  of  his  predecessors  had  loved 
them  as  he  did,  and  would  continue  to  do.     He 
referred  to  his  sister,  whom  he  left  anion o-  them 
and  his  nephew  William,  Prince  of  Orange,  in 
the  warmest  terms,  and  showered  his  ])romises  on 
tlie    republic.      Never   were   promises   more   de- 
lusive, nor  obligations   more   quickly  forgotten. 
In  less  than  four  years  Charles  II.,  without  any 
serious    cause,   was    the   most  active   enemy   of 
Holland  in  all  Europe. 


A  NECESSAEY  LEADER. 


89 


I' 

I 


The   year    1661    brought    to    the    Dutch    an 
increased  sense  of  the  importance  of  keeping  a 
powerful  force  at  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar.      De 
Ruyter  was  ordered  to  sail  with  nine  men-of-war 
and  a  store-ship,  about  the  end  of  May.     On  his 
way  out  he  picked  up  an  equal  number  of  war- 
ships from  various  places.     Stopping  at  Cadiz,  he 
cleared  the  Straits  soon  after,  and  went  in  pursuit 
of  the   corsairs,  who   had  been   actively  taking 
English,  Dutch,  and  other  vessels  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean, but  the  swift  sailers  of  the  pirates  were 
hard  to  come  np  with.     The  Dutch  fleet  went  as 
far  east  as  Malta,  in  February,  1662,  and  on  its 
return  called  at  Tunis.    There  the  Rear- Admiral 
of  Algiers,  who   had  been   chased   by  the  fleet 
several   times,  sent  a  challenge   to   de   Ruyter's 
rear-admiral,  to  fight  him  ship  to  ship,  which  de 
Ruyter  agreed  should  be  done,  but  the  Algerian 
did  not  come  out  to  try  his  chances.     De  Ruyter, 
whose  functions  seemed  to  add  the  powers  of  an 
ambassador  to  those  of  a  commander,  was  author- 
ized  to   negotiate  with   the  principal    States   of 
North  Africa — treaties  which  the  States  General 
would  subsequently  consider,  and  ratify  or  reject. 
At  Tunis  a  suspension  of  arms  for  this  purpose 
was   ag-reed   to   for   six   months,  to   allow   their 


90 


LIFE  OF   DE   EUYTER. 


%\ 


High  Mightinesses  time  for  consideration  of  the 
treaty  proposals.  Algiers  also  agreed  to  a  truce 
for  seven  months.  The  States  General  sent  de 
Ruyter  a  letter  forbidding  him  to  agree  to  the 
right  of  search  at  sea,  which  the  Algerians  were 
endeavouring  to  enforce.  De  lluyter  went  on 
to  Cadiz,  and  thence  returned  to  Algiers,  where 
negotiations  were  continued. 

The  English  treaty  with  Algiers  was  shown  to 
him.  It  allowed  of  Englisli  ships  being  visited 
at  sea.  De  Ruyter  declined  to  embody  this  clause 
m  any  treaty,*  and  the  truce  being  in  force,  lie 
went  on  to  Tripoli.  There  he  was  unable,  though 
politely  received,  to  make  any  treaty.  He  cleared 
for  Tunis,  and  liaving  received  the  authority  of 
the  States  General,  he  concluded  a  treaty.  Call- 
^^S  ^'^g^hi  at  Algiers,  lie  passed  the  Straits  and 
entered  Cadiz.  Repassing  the  Straits,  the  Spanish 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean  was  now  skirted,  and 
Algiers  visited  again.  A  treaty  was  made  with 
Algiers  in  November,  ir»G2,f  and  a  truce  of  fifteen 
months  agreed  upon. 

At  the  beginning  of  next  year,  de  Ruyter  was 

"  **  Vry  schip,  vry  goed  "  (*'Frce  ship,  free  cargo"),  said 
de  Ruyter  (Looman,  p.  89). 

t  18th  November,  1662  (Looman,  p.  93). 


A   NECESSARY  LEADER. 


91 


again  off  the  east  coast  of  Spain,  and  on  March 
17th,  he  received  orders  from  the  States  General 
recalling  him  and  his  fleet.  He  arrived  on  the 
19th  of  April,  1663,  and  presented  his  clear 
and  characteristically  short  report  to  their  High 
Mightinesses.  His  stay  in  Holland  continued 
till  the  8th  of  May,  1664,  when  he  left  the  Vlie 
accompanied  by  his  son,  Engel  de  Kuyter,''  who 
was  commencing  his  naval  career.  The  various 
ships  of  the  squadron  met  off  Malaga,  where  he 
had  12  vessels  under  his  command,  June  4th. 
The  occasion  for  de  Euyter's  reappearance  in 
the  Mediterranean  was  the  fact  that  the  Algerian 
pirates  were  again  actively  employed  in  captur- 
ing Dutch  vessels,  making  slaves  of  their  sailors, 
interfering  with  their  trade,  and  searching  their 
ships,  in  contravention  of  the  treaty  made  with 
de  Ruyter,  and  the  truce  of  fifteen  months,  which 
had  been  extended  four  months  further.  The 
States  General  had  proposed  to  England,  France, 
and  Spain  a  union  of  their  respective  fleets,  in 
order  to  rid  the  sea  of  those  irrepressible  corsairs.f 
The  King  of  France  expressed  his  approval  of  the 

♦  Looman  (p.  98),  de  Euyter  was  very  seriously  ill  shortly 

after. 

t  Aitzema,  Wicquefort,  Brandt. 


■  t?^ffi§^';!?^|if  ^ 


aHUpl 


■91 


■ini 


I 


92 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


93 


|: 


w 


proposiil,  but  contented  liimself  with  offering  the 

use    of  the   ports   of  Toulon   and    IVTnrseilles,  as 

depots  for  iJutch  provisions  and  munitions.     The 

Spanish  king  placed  liis  ports  at  the  disposition 

of  the  States  General  ms  harbours  for  their  ships. 

Our  Cliarles  II.  did  indeed  [)repare  his  fleet,  but 

with  intentions  the  reverse  of  friendly.      There 

was  some  indication  of  this  unfriendliness  on  the 

part  of  tlie   English  kiii'T,  when   in  June,  after 

leaving    Malaga,    tlie    English    fleet,    under    de 

Ruyter's    friend    Admiral    Lawson,    refused    to 

lower  the  flag,  in  answer  to  the  Dutch  salute, 

as    required   by  the   treaty  of  September,  1GG2. 

The  reply  to  the  inquiry  as  to  why  the  iag  was 

not  lowered,  was    that  tlie    king   had   forbidden 

the  lowering  of  the  flag  to  any  kings,  princes,  or 

republics.''* 

A  special  commissioner  and  a  fiscal  had  been 
sent  with  de  Ruyter  to  conduct  the  negotiations 
with  the  Algerians  on  this  occasion.  The  com- 
plaints of  the  Dutch  emissaries,  and  tlieir  demands 
for  indemnity,  were  met  by  recriminations  and 
counter  complaints,  and  by  the  threat  that,  unless 

♦  Looman  (p.  98)  says,  June  13th.  He  also  refers  to 
de  Euyter's  refusal  to  strike  the  flag  after  the  above  inci- 
dent, and  quotes  de  Witt's  letter,  which  commanded  Mni  to 
strike  it. 


F 


the  peace  were  concluded  on  their  conditions, 
the  Algerians  would  imprison  the  Dutch  consul. 
Van  den  Burg,  who  held  that  post,  was  in  fear 
of  his  life,  for  he  had  seen  the  English  consul 
harnessed  in  a  cart  by  the  Algerians,  and  forced 
by  blows  to  drag  a  load  of  stones  until,  covered 
with  mud  by  the  children,  he  fell  on  the  ground 
unable  to  move,  and  was  thrown,  heavily  chained, 
into  the  deepest  dungeon  of  the  council  house 
with  the  English  merchants. 

De  Ruyter  obtained  the  release  of  the  Dutch 
consul,  his  secretary,  and  three  attendants,  in 
exchange  for  37  Turkish  and  Moorish  prisoners 
whom  he  had  on  board.  He  then  declared  war, 
and  sailed  on  the  5th  of  July. 

A  few  days  later,  off  Alicante,  he  received 
private  news  that  the  English  were  bent  upon 
quarrelling,  and  instructions  to  him  to  preserve 
meanwhile  friendly  relations  with  English 
officers  whenever  he  might  meet  them.  These 
injunctions  he  carefully  carried  out,  and  continued 
cruising  in  the  Mediterranean,  only  once  passino* 
the  Straits  to  Cadiz.*     Returning  from  thence  to 

*  Looman  (p.  105)  says  the  Spanish  Viceroy  gave  the 
Dutch  oflScers  a  dinner  about  this  time  at  Valentia,  whea 
the  Ticeroy  obberved  a  custom  then  in  vogue  of  honouring 
his  guests  by  putting  spectacles  on  his  nose. 


^ejgi  jatatttaaEi  ■•■     -  .-  . 


■Mi 


lijiiiiiiiilii 


4 

I'        r 


D4 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


95 


\ 


/ 


Malaga,  lie  there  received,  on  the  1st  of  September, 
full  information  of  the  English  aggressions,  and 
instructions  how  to  act. 

The  origin  of  the  ill-feeling  between  the  English 
and  Dutch  at  tliis  time  was  their  rivalry  in  the 
East  Indian  trade.     The  little  Fort  of  St.  Geor^^e 
at   Madras,   IVuwniiig   defiance   over  some  half- 
dozen  houses,  formed,  with  them,  the  first  buildings 
of  the  East  India  Company  in  India.     A  small 
guard  of  native  troops  was  employed  to  protect 
tlie  natives,  wlio  were  servants  of  the  company. 
Now,  however,  with  the  marriage  of  Charles  II. 
to  Catharine  of  Braganza,    England  obtained  a 
new   possession  in  Bombay,  and  the  company  a 
second  factory,  with  excellent  prospects  of  opening 
trade  with  the  interior. 

This  w:is  not  pleasing  intelligence  to  the  in- 
habitants of  tlie  United  Provinces,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  a  West  Indian  Company  by  the  English, 
with  business  relations  with  the  African  Gold 
Coast,  was  also  looked  upon  witli  apprehension. 
As  de  Guiche,  a  fairly  impartial  historian,  relates, 
the  Dutch  colonies  in  the  East  were  much  larger 
than  the  Englisli.     The  latter  were,  he  says,  not 
-even  self-supporting  at  this  time,  and  it  was  the 
custom  of  the  English  East  India  Company  to 


: 


send  supplies    to    their    factories   from   time  to 
time. 

Two  vessels  outward  bound  for  this  purpose 
were  seized  by  the  Dutch.*  Here  then  was  a 
cause,  or  pretext,  for  a  quarrel.  The  English 
being  convinced  that  the  ships  were  taken  in 
order  to  impede  their  trade,  demanded  not  only 
compensation  for  the  loss  of  their  vessels,  but 
claimed  that  the  United  Provinces  should  make 
good  the  loss  sustained  by  the  colonies,  which 
had  suffered  severely,  and  could  certainly  not  be 
kept  going  without  the  necessary  supplies.  These 
"  indirect  claims  "  (as  we  should  call  them  to-day), 
it  would  appear,  were  considered  quite  equitable 
by  some  people  on  the  Continent,  at  the  time,  but 
the  Dutch  declined  to  pay  for  more  than  the  value 
of  cargo  and  vessel.  The  discussion  was  con- 
tinued with  increasing  stiffness  of  purpose  on 
both  sides,  till  in  January,  1664,  Captain  Eobert 
Holmes,  with  about  eight  English  ships  was  off 
Cape  Verd,  and  apparently  without  provocation, 
took  two  ships  belonging  to  the  Dutch  West  India 


* 


De  Guiche,  "  Memoircs,"  p.  4 1 .  "  Les  Hollandais  arrete- 
rent  deux  Vaisscaux  qui  en  ctaient  charges,  Tun  appelle 
Bonne-Avanture,  et  Tautre  Boiinc-Esperance ;  ce  qu'ils  firent 
sous  les  Pretextes  ordinaires  dii  Commerce." 


I 


.     ^'     -"'^Ll    J 


■w  ^*>'  aAi.h:sa» ' 


■  ^SjiUfhif  ^•.t#*''\.*^-^'j, 


■  ■iiieassj 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


97 


9G 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


jini 


.;« 


CompnTiv.  He  then  forced  the  garrison  of  the 
Fort  ot  Cape  \  erd  to  surrender  (with  the  Yacht 
CrocoiUle),  took  the  Lslaiid  of  Groree,  and  also 
captured  two  small  vessels.  The  employes  of  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  were  allowed  to  go 
home  in  a  Portuguese  ship.  Two  of  them, 
journeying  with  the  utmost  expedition,  brought 
the  news  of  these  events  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
Dutch  Government.  Hohnes  now  proceeded  to 
the  Guinea  coast  where  lie  stormed  tlie  Fort  of 
Tacorari  (April  21).  A  few  days  after  he  appeared 
before  the  Castle  of  St.  George  del  Mina,  now 
Elmina,  but  tlie  1 )utcli,  being  on  their  guard,  he 
was  unable  to  take  it.  Holmes,  however,  took 
Annemabo,  Caj)e  Coast  Castle,  and  the  Fort  of 

Cormantiii. 

As  soon  as  these  proceedings  were  communi- 
cated to  the  States  General,  they  complained  to 
the  Englisli  Government.  The  reply  was  re- 
ceived that  the  king  had  given  orders  to  examine 
their  charges.  But  instead  of  reparation,  the 
States  General  received  news  that  the  English 
were  preparing  an  additional  force  for  the  Guinea 
coast.  The  private  diary  of  Samuel  Pepys, 
w^ritten  in  cypher  and  never  meant  to  be  com- 
municated to  the   public,  shows  what  w^ere  the 


feelings  of  the  English  king  about  this  matter. 
Charles  "do  joy  mightily"  at  the  success  of 
Holmes's  expedition  ;  and  "  laughing,"  said, ''  But 
how  shall  I  do  to  answer  this  to  the  embassador 
when  he  comes."  *  Charles's  letters  to  his  sister 
Henrietta,  Duchess  of  Orleans,  now  in  the 
Foreign  Office  in  Paris,  show  him  as  endeavour- 

♦  "Pepys'  Diary,"  W.  W.  Gibbing's  ed.,  1890,  p.  220, 
"  September  29.  Fresli  newes  of  our  beating  the  Dutcli  at 
Guinny  quite  out  of  all  tbeir  castles  almost,  wliicli  will 
make  them  quite  mad  here  at  home  sure.  And  Sir  G, 
Carteret"  (vice-chamberlain  at  the  coronation  of  the  king, 
a  commissioner  for  the  affairs  of  Tangiers,  etc.)  "did  tell 
me  that  the  king  do  joy  mightily  at  it;  but  asked  him, 
laughing,  *But,'  says  be,  *how  shall  I  do  to  answer  this  to 
the  embassador  when  he  comes  ?  *  Nay,  they  say  that  we 
have  beat  them  out  of  the  New  Netherlands,  too;  so  that 
we  have  been  doing  them  mischief  for  a  great  while  in 
several  parts  of  the  world,  without  publick  knowledge  or 
reason.  Their  fleete  for  Guinny  is  now,  they  say,  ready 
and  abroad,  and  will  be  going  this  week." 

In  the  same  edition,  p.  82,  September  the  1st,  1661,  is 
Pepys'  impression  of  Holmes's  character :  "...  A  cunning 
fellow,  and  one  (by  his  own  confession  to  me)  that  can  put 
OB  two  several  faces,  and  look  his  enemies  in  the  face  with 
as  much  love  as  his  friends.  But,  good  God !  what  an  age 
is  this,  and  what  a  world  is  this  !  that  a  man  cannot  live 
without  playing  the  knave  and  dissimulation." 

John  Milton  in  England  and  de  Kuyter  in  Holland,  might 
have  presented  Pepys  with  examples  of  men  who  could  live 
without  so  doing,  even  in  that  age  of  ignominy. 

H 


If'    5 


\ 


I 


98 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUTTER. 


A  NECESSARt  LEADER. 


99 


I 


ing  to  appear   friendly  to  the  Dutch.     "  I  find 
myself  almost  the  only  man  in  my  kingdom  who 
doth  not   desire  war ; "    and   yet,  while  stiU  at 
peace  with   them,  he   rejoices   at  the  taking   of 
New  York  (then  New  Amsterdam)  from  Holland 
by  Colonel   Nichols,  who  was  under   the  king's 
brother,  the  Duke  of  York.*      Thus  the  future 
history  of  the  empire  city  of  the  West,  received  a 
new  stamp,  the  importation  of  Dutch  bricks  was 
checked,  and  the  inhabitants  settled  down  (after 
being  recaptured  for  a  short  time  in  1672),  to 
their  new  nationality.t     Of  course,  Holmes  was 
sent  to  the  Tower,  to  keep  up  appearances ;  "  bat," 
says  Pepys,  "  I  perceive   it  is  made   matter   of 

jest  only." 

The  States  General  were  not  satisfied  with  the 
response  of  the  English  Government  to  their 
complaints.  A  meeting  was  held  by  a  few  of 
the  leading  members,  when  it  was  decided  to 
Bend  de  Kuvter  from  the  -Mediterranean  to  the 
Guinea  coast.      This  plan  had  the  advantage  of 

•  For  Charles  II.'s  very  interesting  letters,  see  Appendix 

t  The  miniature  "Directory  of  New  Amsterdam,"  pub- 
lished as  a  curiosity,  in  the  first  page  of  the  1895  to  1896 
Directory  of  New  York  city,  shows  how  exclusively  Dutch 
the  population  was  at  the  date  of  its  capture. 


being  expeditious,  and  there  was  not  the  same 
risk  of  his  detachment  being  arrested,  as  there 
would  be  in  the  case  of  a  fleet  sent  from  Holland. 
Secrecy  was  all  important.  A  full  assemblage 
of  their  High  Mightinesses  would  have  made  the 
scheme  public.  Under  a  resolution  of  the  entire 
body,  of  date  the  5th  of  August,  seven  of  their 
number,  including  the  Grand  Pensionary,  Johan 
de  Witt,  were  to  meet  to  consider  a  letter  written 
in  the  previous  month  by  de  Ruyter  and  the  com- 
missioner  Mortaigne,  respecting  the  occurrences 
at  Algiers.  These  seven  members  agreed  to  the 
proposal  to  send  de  Euyter  to  the  Gruinea  coast, 
and  placed  it  on  the  paper  as  a  resolution  ;  and 
on  the  following  Monday,  August  11th,  when  the 
full  assemblage  met,  a  resolution  passed  on  the 
9th  of  August  respecting  the  despatch  of  12 
warships  had  to  be  read  for  the  last  time,  and 
afforded  the  opportunity  to  read  very  quickly  and 
inaudibly,  the  minute  of  the  meeting  of  the  seven 
members.  The  general  body  of  the  meeting  knew 
nothing  of  the  import  of  what  was  being  called 
over. 

The  seven  members  engaged  the  others  in 
conversation,  or  managed  to  get  them  out  of  the 
room,  while  this   reading  was   going   on.     The 


100 


LITE  OF  DE  BUYTEE. 


jt 


m 


I 


copies  of  the  resolution,  etc.,  which  had  to  be 
signed  before  beip-  «ent  to  de  Ruyter,  were  very 
adroitly  slipped  through  with  other  papers,  and 

the  secret  was  kept. 

In  a  double  envnlope,  the  precious  papers  were 
delivered  to  de  Kuyter  at  Malaga.     He  left  the 
aext   day   for   Alicante,   to    provision;    but  the 
bakers  there  were  fully  occupied  with  the  French 
fleet,  and   he  therefore  had   an  excuse  to  write 
to  a'  merchant  at   Cadiz  that,  his  biscuit   being 
damaged  and  Alicante  closed  to  him,  he  wished 
him  to  bake  some  thousands  of  biscuits,  and  to 
have  ready  some  thousands  of  stock  fish,  also  oil 
and  vinegar.     Outside  of  the  harbour  of  Malaga, 
lay   the   English   fleet,  whose   admiral,  Lawson, 
friendly  as  ever,  was  actively  curious  to  learn  de 
Iluvter's  plans,  which,  however,  be  had  carefully 
kept  from  his  own  vice-adiniral  and  captains,     lie 
had  great  difficulty  in  obtaining  his  provisions  at 
Cadiz,  where  Lawson  again  met  him. 

On'the  5tli  of  October,  with  12  men-of-war  and 
a  storeship,  he  sailed  from  Cadiz,  sahiting  the 
English  a^  he  passed,  and  instructed  his  captains 
lo  make  for  Salee  ;  but  on  the  third  day,  he 
informed  them  of  his  instructions. 

That  same  day  the  fleet  met  a  Spanish  barciue 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


101 


m 


which  was  following  the  Spanish  fleet  to  th« 
Canaries,  and,  to  disarm  suspicion,  the  course  was 
changed  to  W.N.W.,  only  for  the  moment  how- 
ever. Next  day,  when  continuing  southwards, 
the  Spanish  fleet  was  seen,  and  de  Euyter  again 
changed  his  course,  this  time  to  the  S.E.  By  the 
11th,  the  Grand  Canary  was  reached.  Failing 
to  get  the  necessary  pilots,  or  sailors  who  might 
give  information  as  to  Cape  Verd,  he  set  every 
sail,  and,  throwing  off  all  reserve,  with  the  force 
of  a  favourable  wind  behind  him,  pushed  his 
vessels  to  their  utmost  speed.  On  the  I7th  the 
Dutch  sighted  Cape  Verd,  and  by  the  22nd  they 
had  reached  the  island  of  Goree,  where  the 
banners  of  the  Royal  English  Company  were  seem 
floating  from  the  battlements  they  had  so  recently 
and  unjustly  taken  from  the  Dutch.  Nine 
English  ships,  only  one  of  which  was  a  man-of- 
war,  were  anchored  near  the  lower  fort.  An 
inquiry  was  sent  to  de  Ruyter  which  somewhat 
resembled  the  historical  question,  ''Is  it  peace, 
Jehu?"  and  de  Ruyter's  reply  might  almost 
have  taken  the  form  of  the  famous  answer  to 
Joram ;  but  he  preferred  to  explain  that  he  was 
not  at  war  with  England,  but  was  come  to  take 
back   that  which  belonged  to    his  countrymen. 


s|i?|"i??'S;»'*i«r'i'35«^ 


\ 


k  1 


102 


LIFE  OF  DE   IIUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


103 


I 


and  to  resist  the  injuries  and  insolence  offered  to 
them.     The  English  were  allowed  to  retain  some 
of  their  mercantile  vessels,  after  taking  out  the 
goods  which  had  been  seized  from   the  Dutch. 
The  fortresses  were  delivered  to  de  Kuyter,  whose 
force  was  too  large  to  be  resisted,  and  the  small 
English    garrison    marched    out   with    banners 
flying.     They  were,  besides,  allowed  to  take  their 
two  cannon  witli  them,  their  clothes,  and  their 
own   furniture,  and   were   to   be  provided   with 
food,  and  landed  on  the  coast  of  Gambia,  Sierra 
Leone,  and  Cormantin. 

Rear-admiral  van  der  Zaan  meantime,  exploring 
the  coast  of  the  mainland  at  Cape  Verd,  found  a 
negro  chief  who  spoke  Dutch,  and  who,  on  hear- 
in  o-  de  Ruyter's  name,  said  he  had  known  a 
boatswain's  boy  of  that  name  from  Flushing, 
when  he  was  himself  a  mere  lad.  Taken  before 
de  Ruyter,  he  proved  to  be  liis  friend  of  45  years 
before,  Jan  Company.  The  admiral,  delighted  to 
renew  the  impressions  of  his  boyhood,  received 
him  with  the  greatest  friendliness.  Jan  told  de 
Ruyter  he  was  still  a  Christian,  and  always  re- 
membered "  Our  Father,"  and  "  I  believe  in  God," 
but  as  his  children  and  his  people  always  laughed 
when  he  repeated  these  things,  he  thought  it  best 


to  remain  a  Christian  in  his  heart,  and  to  serve 
God  according  to  his  lights.  He  preferred  living 
in    his    own    poor    country  to   going    back    to 

Zealand. 

De  Ruyter  presented  him  with  clothes,  and 
other  things  which  were  of  importance  in  the 
eyes  of  Ms  people,  and  signalized  his  departure 
for  the  shore  with  a  discharge  of  several  guns. 

The  English  private  soldiers  who  were  prisoners, 

and  their  Dutch  guards,  on  the  night  of  the  next 

day  became  sadly  intoxicated,  and  a  riot,  which 

was  at  one  moment  very  dangerous,  ensued.     The 

6th  of  November  saw  the  Dutch  fleet  again  at 

sea.    De  Ruyter,  finding  himself  encumbered  with 

three  of  the  English  vessels  that  he  had  taken  with 

him,  allowed  them  to  go,  with  an  agreement  not 

to  trade  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Dutch  West 

India  Company.    He  was  now  delayed  by  contrary 

winds,  and  decided,  for  the  benefit  of  his  crews, 

to  touch  at  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  and  on  the 

4th  of  December  he  managed  to  enter  the  river 

of  that  name.     Here  some  of  the  crews  were 

landed,  wood  and  fresh  water  were  obtained,  also 

lemons  and    other   fruits,  and    the  ships  were 

cleaned. 

The  English  merchants  living  on  a  neighbour- 


\i 


,r.-  i 

in 


J 


104 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


ing  island  were  punished  for  ill  treatment  of 
Dutch  settlers,  whose  goods  they  had  taken. 
Another  of  the  eight  English  merchantmen  which 
de  Euy ter  had  taken  was  here  released ;  and  on 
the  15th  of  December  the  fleet  sailed  for  the 
Guinea  coast,  but  was  mucli  delayed  by  a  calm. 
The  Cape  of  Palmas  Wu.  <it  last  seen  about  five 
leagues  N.N.W.  on  the  29th  of  December,  16G4. 

Cape  "  Tres  Puntas/'  or  "  Three  Points,"  on  the 
Gold  Coast,  was  reached  on  the  4th  of  January, 
1665.  This  being  close  to  the  fort  of  Witsen,  or 
Tacorari — which  Holmes  liad  taken  and  left  in 
possession  of  an  English  garrison,  it  was  thonglit 
best  to  inquire  of  the  natives  what  was  the  state 
of  things  in  the  vicinity.  De  Puyter  resolved  to 
attack ;  but,  hearing  that  a  small  English  flotilla 
was  off  the  coast,  he  first  sent  a  despatch  to 
General  Valkenburg,  commanding  the  Dutch 
forces  at  Elmina — the  place  Holmes  had  failed 
to  take-announcing  his  arrival.  The  same 
evening  he  dropped  anchor  opposite  Fort  Taco- 
rari. To  his  summons  to  surrender,  the  English 
replied,  "Come  to-morrow  morning."  Next  day 
the  Dutcli  envoys  were  fired  upon  by  negroes  in 
ambush  near  the  fort,  and  de  Ruyter  at  once 
brought  in  five  of  his  ships  of  least  draughty  and 


t 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


105 


under  cover  of  their  fire  landed  about  500  men, 
who  defeated  the  negroes  after  a  tough  encounter, 
when  the  fort  and  its  six  Englishmen  sur- 
rendered.  By  advice  of  General  Valkenburg  it 
was  blown  up. 

A  few  days  after  these  events,  news  was  re- 
ceived  that  Prince  Eupert  was  to  be  despatched 
with  a  fleet  to  attack  de  Ruyter.  The  proposed 
assault  of  Fort  Cormantin,  which  was  beyond 
Cape  Coast  Castle,  was  therefore  postponed,  and 
the  vessels  were  all  brought  up  to  Elmina.  On 
the  4th  of  February,  however,  de  Ruyter  deter- 
mined, against  the  advice  of  Valkenburg,  to 
attempt  the  capture.  The  negroes  of  the  state 
of  Fantin  were  enlisted  as  allies  by  the  promise 
of  payments  amounting  in  all  to  18,750  livres. 
The  landing  party  of  nearly  1000  soldiers  and 
sailors  was  carefully  chosen  and  prepared,  the 
squadron  sailed  for  Fort  Annemabo  on  the  coast, 
about  half  a  league  from  Fort  Cormantin.  There 
the  Dutch  waited  for  the  negroes,  who  kept  them 
in  suspense  till  the  7th  of  February,  when  they 
joined,  to  the  number  of  1200,  in  the  attack. 
The  English  then  blew  up  Annemabo,  and  with- 
drew their  scanty  forces  to  Fort  Cormantin. 
Before  this  could  be  attacked.  Fort  Adja,  in  the 


i*^ 


in 

i 


f 


I 


'< 


\  'i 


106 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEK. 


A  HECESSABY  LEADEE. 


107 


Bay  of  Adja,  had  to  be  taken,  which  was  accom- 
plished after  fighting  with  the  English  and  their 
body  of  negroes,  the  heavy  surf,  and  the  fire 
from  the  guns  of  Fort  Cormantin,  adding  greatly 
to  the  difficulty. 

The  next  day  a  landing  was  affected  with  great 
danger,  the  boats  being  much  damaged  by  the 
violence  of  the  waves,  and  the  water-barrels  and 
other  necessaries  whicli  the  men  took  with  them 
being  lost  or  broken.     A  summons  to  surrender 
was   sent  to   Selwyn,   the   English   commander, 
who  refused,  and  the  march  towards  the  fortress 
commenced.     In   addition   to   the   fire   from   the 
cannon  of  Cormantin,  the  column  was  muck  in- 
commoded by  a  cannon  placed  on  a  high  hill  on 
the  left  flank.     The  Count  van  Hoorn,  who  was 
in  command,  having  obtained  a  guide,  led  the 
men  up  the  hill,  and  tlie  cannon  was  taken ;  but, 
as  the  position  was  commanded  by  the  English 
o-ims,  it  was  resolved  to  push  on,  in  spite  of  the 
native  force  which  resisted  gallantly,  but  after  a 
severe  struggle  was  completely  routed.     Once  at 
the  foot  of  the  walls,  ladders  were  quickly  placed, 
and    hand   grenades   were   flung    into   the   fort. 
Resistance    being    now   hopeless,   and    the    fort 
having   been  entered   in  several  places,  Selwyn 


I  * 


; 


If'  vi 


and  his  57  followers  surrendered.  The  famous 
negro  chief,  Cabesse,  however,  cut  the  throats  of 
his  son  and  two  slaves,  and  then  cut  his  own, 
dying  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  his 
enemies.     There  were  28  cannon  in  the  place. 

At  Elmina  de  Ruyter  received  despatches  in- 
forming  him  that  neither  Rupert's  fleet  nor  the 
Dutch  reinforcement  for  himself  would  come,  but 
that  two  men-of-war  would  escort  the  store-ships 
carrying  extra  provisions  for  him.  He  was 
further  desired  to  attack  Fort  Cormantin,  and 
the  English  possessions  in  any  part  of  the  world 
but  Europe.  In  consequence  of  these  instruc- 
tions, he  asked  General  Valkenburg  for  his  advice 
as  to  attacking  Cape  Coast  Castle,  and  to  remain- 
ing with  the  fleet  on  the  Guinea  coast.  It  was, 
however,  thought  best  not  to  attempt  the  pro- 
posed attack,  as  the  negroes  of  Fetu  would 
defend  the  fort  and  the  very  diflScult  coast  in 
overwhelming  force — nor  was  it  now  considered 
necessary  to  keep  de  Ruyter  and  his  fleet  any 
lon^,  off  Guiae.  T.,e  work  of  our  c^.i.g 
freebooter,  Captain  Holmes,  had  now  been  entirely 

undone. 

A  curious  piece  of  justice  had  to  be  executed 
before  the  sailing  of  the  fleet.      Three  sailors. 


I  I 


1 


108 


LIFE  OF  DE  EUYTER. 


having  landed  and  rejoiced  together  in  another 
man's    house,   became   so    intoxicated   that  they 
quarrelled    and    fougiit    with    their    knives,  in 
doing   so  upsetting   their   candles.      Their  host, 
entering  the  room  in  the  dark  to  separate  them, 
was   murdered.     The   three  witnesses   being  in- 
toxicated, it  was  impossible  to  decide  who  com- 
mitted the  murder— accordingly  lots  were  drawn, 
and  one  was  hanged.     After  the  hanging,^  when 
about    to    be    interred,    he    recovered    himself. 
General  A^alkenburg,  who  commanded  on  shore, 
decided  to  hang  him  again,  but  de  Ruyter  said 
this  was  the  interposition  of  God  for  an  innocent 
man,  who  had  been  made  to  suffer  enough  for  his 
own'  sins,  and  had   been  an  example  to  others. 
He  was  therefore  spared,  and  continued  to  look 
upon  do  Ruyter  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  as  he 
expressed  it,  as  a  "  second  father." 

The  fleet,  consisting  of  12  men-of-war,  the  store- 
ship,  and  the  English  vessel  St.  Martha,  sailed  on 
the  2Tth  of  February,  S.S.E.,  the  winds  pre- 
vailing being  westerly.  On  the  6th  of  March 
they  crossed  the  line,  passing  the  islands  of  St. 
Thomas  and  Annabon.  At  last,  on  the  12th, 
they  got  what  they  were  searching  for,  a  south 
wind,  on  which  they  steered  west,  a  quarter  south, 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


109 


and  then  W.S.W.,  some  of  the  ships  sailing  badly, 
and  their  captains  being  censured  for  not  keeping 
near  the  flagship.  Instructions  were  given  by 
de  Ruyter  when  at  sea  on  various  points  of  con- 
duct in  sailing,  or  when  in  action,  or  afterwards, 

as  to  pillage,  etc. 

He  arrived  off  Bardadoes  on  the  23rd  of  April, 
and  on  the  30th  his  flagship,  the  Mirror,  led  the 
way  into  the  bay,  but  the  English  fire  from  two 
forts,  and   the  vessels  lying   close   in,  was  well 
sustained,  and  the  Dutch  being  unable  to  get  near 
them,  retired  much  damaged.      They  went  on 
to  Martinique,  and  exchanging  powder  with  the 
French  Governor  there  for  provisions,  left  on  the 
6th  of  May  for  the  English  islands,  Montferrat, 
where  they  took  five  merchantmen,  and  Nevis, 
where  they  caught  four.     Six  more  prizes  shortly 
after  gratified  their  skill.     De  Ruyer  next  Visited 
St.   Christophers,  an  island  then  half    English, 
half  French,  and  sold  some  of  his  prizes  to  the 
French.     St.  Eustache,  a  Dutch  island,  was  then 
touched,  more  prizes  were  sold,  and  the  squadron 
sailed  on  May  17th  for  Newfoundland.     It  was 
already  known  to  de  Ruyter  that  war  was  de- 
clared between  England  and  the  United  Provinces. 
The  fleet  passed  Cape  Race  about  the  14th  of 


II 


II 


IMt*  ««   *  *   *Jliwr-    f 


110 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


A  NECESSAEY  LEADER. 


Ill 


i 


H 


» 


June,  and  entered  St.   Johns    two  days    later. 
Seven  prizes  were  taken  about  this  time.    Having 
300  English  prisoners  to  care  for,  it  was  agreed 
to  give  them  three  small  prizes  and  five  weeks 
provisions,  and  to  let  them  go.    Some  other  prizes 
were  burnt,  and  now,  furnished  with  further  pro- 
visions, de  Ruyter  mailed  on  the  21st  of  June,  and 
passing  to  the  south  of  the  Faroe  Isles,  reached 
the  crast  of  Norway  about  the  22nd  of  July. 
Here  he  learnt  from  a  Dutch  vessel  sent  to  meet 
him,  that  the  United  Provinces  had  sustained  a 
severe  defeat  in  the  North  Sea.     As  he  drew  near 
Bergen,  he  learnt  that  the  English  had  now  the 
command  of  the  sea,  and  he  assumed  that  his  own 
return  would  be  eagerly  looked  for  by  their  fleet, 
as  was  actually  the  case.     It  was,  in  fact,  only  by 
pure  good  fortune  that  he  escaped  them,  and  after 
a  very  anxious  and  protracted   voyage  reached 
Delfzyl,  on  the  western  branch  of  the  Ems,  on 
the  6th  of  August,  1665. 

On  the  14th  of  March,  1665,  the  English  king 
had  issued  a  declaration  that  the  United  Provinces, 
in  respect  of  the  instructions  given  to  de  Ruyter, 
were  aggressors,  that  the  ships  of  England,  having 
received  a  commission  from  the  High  Admiral, 
might  attack  any  Dutch  vessels,  and   that  any 


vessels  carrying  BtitcTi  property  might  be  seized. 
Captain  Thomas  Allen  had  begun  seizing  the 
trading  vessels  of  the  United  Provinces  at  Cadiz 

in  1664 

Thus  the  Dutch  democracy,  busying  itself  too 
much  with  the  profits  of  its  counting-house,  and 
not  caring  to  pay  for  a  naval  marine  commensu- 
rate to  the  vast  extent  of  its  trade,  presented  a 
spectacle  so  alluring  to  the  foreign  burglar,  Eng- 
lish or  French,  that  only  one  result  was  likely  to 

ensue. 

Of   the    two    royal    rascals,   Charles   II.   and 
Louis  XIV.,  the  former  considered  himself  fully 
prepared  to  begin  his  depredations,  but  as  Louis 
was  by  treaty  bound  to  maintain  the  cause  of  the 
Dutch  against  unprovoked  attack,  it  was  necessary 
that  Charles  should  show  as  good  a  case  as  pos- 
sible.  Hence  his  numerous  disingenuous  letters  to 
his  sister,  the  Duchess  of  Orleans.     Louis,  on  the 
other  hand,  with  no  love  for  Holland,  did  not 
think  the  time  suitable  for  the  prosecution  of  his 
inherited    policy    which,    directed    against    the 
Austrian  dominions,  necessarily  involved  the  con- 
trol of  the  Netherlanders   on  the  flank   of  any 
French  expansion  towards  the  East. 

The  English  fleet  was  out  before  that  of  their 


Iff 


112 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


A  NECESSARY  LEADER. 


113 


i  I 


( 


!  4 


^W 


opponent.  Rupert  and  Monk  (now  Duke  of 
Albemarle)  with  109  men-of-war  and  28  firesWps, 
etc.,  witli  21,000  soldiur^j  and  sailors,  hung  on  the 
coast  of  Holland,  had  taken  10  or  12  merchant- 
men  near  the  Texel,  and  had  been  driven  home 
hy  a  storm,  when  Wassenaar  went  in  pursuit.* 

The  Dutch  were  preparing  to  build  48  new 
ships,  but  meanwhile  they  were  able  to  send  with 
Wassenaar  112  men-of-war  and  30  fireships  and 
ketches,  carrying  22,365  men.f 

Wassenaar  liad  imperative  orders  to  fight,  the 
command  of  tlie  sea  being  uppermost  in  the  minds 
of  the  States  General ;  but,  before  he  met  his 
antagonists,  he  had  fallen  in  with,  and  taken  nine 
English  ships  trading  with  Hamburg,  and  valued 
at  £200,000  to  £300,000. 

About  three  oV'lock  on  tlH>  tTiorning  of  Saturday 

*  »  Columna  Eostrata"  (v.  ^  50).  Brandt  says  reports  give 
07  and  115  ships.  Lefovre  Tontaiis  Vie  de  Jean  de  Witt  (p. 
341)  relying  on  do  Jongc  (i.  i>.  783),  and  Wicqnefort  (iii. 
p.  196),  says  English  109,  21  fireships,  7  galiots,  4192  guns, 

21,000  men. 

t »'  Columna  Eost  rata "  (p.  1  GO).  Brandt  says  over  100  men- 
of-war.  Lefevre  Pontalis  says  Dutch  fleet,  103  large  vessels, 
11  fireships,  12  o;aliots  (without  counting  40  vessels  intended 
as  a  reinforcement),  and  it  wa^  armed  with  4800  guns  and 
22,000  men.  For  Official  particulars  of  Wassenaar's  fleet, 
uee  Appendix  III. 


the  ISth  of  June  (O.S.  June  3rd,  see  Lediard), 
Wassenaar  engaged  the  English  off  Lowestoft 
Sacrificing  the  advantage  of  the  wind  to  hi€ 
desire  to  get  at  the  English  leader,  he  advanced 
far  before  the  rest  of  his  fleet,  and  commenced 
the  contest  with  the  Duke  of  York.  Four  of  hi« 
fastest  sailers  shot  out  of  line  after  him  at  some 
distance.  A  terrific  conflict  was  carried  on  by 
these  vessels.  The  English  admiral  was  in  some 
danger,  the  blood  and  brains  of  three  ofiBcerc 
standing  near,  being  scattered  over  him  by  a  shot. 

Almost  at  the  beginning  of  the  engagement 
apparently  so  irregularly  begun,  Lieut.- Admiral 
Stellingwerf  was  killed,  and  also  Lieut.-Admiral 
Cortenaar,  who  was  to  succeed  Wassenaar  in  case 
the  latter  were  injured.  Cortenaar's  crew,  in  a 
panic,  took  his  vessel  out  of  action,  and  were 
followed  by  a  part  of  his  squadron.  Sandwich^ 
with  the  English  Blue  Squadron,  was  dividing 
the  Dutch  fleet  at  the  centre  in  two  parts.  This 
most  decisive  step  he  accomplished  by  about 
one  o'clock.  Shortly  after,  AVassenaar  s  ship  blew 
up,  with  a  fearful  uproar,  its  wreckage  being 
scattered  far  and  wide.  Of  the  500  gallant 
fighters  on  board,  only  five  were  saved. 

Two  separate  groups  of  the  Dutch  vessels  had 


M 

A 


T  TT?17     AT?     TW     PTTVTT7I? 


fouled  one  another,  and,  being  struck  by  the  fire- 
ships  at  the  same  time,  a  large  portion  of  the 
Dutch  line  instantly  became  one  extended  blaze. 
In  the  flight  which  followed  these  catastrophies, 
several  vessels  were  lost.  The  Dutch  admitted 
to  a  loss  of  18  in  all.  They  are  said  to  have  lost 
7000  men,  of  whom  2000  were  prisoners.  Their 
admiral  was  killed,  as  well  as  three  lieut.-admirals. 
The  foreign  accounts  give  the  English  loss  as  four 
ships  and  1500  men.  The  English  historians  say 
one  ship  lost  and  250  men  killed,  including  a 
vice-  and  rear-admiral,  and  340  wounded.* 

Such  a  defeat  might  well  spread  consternation 
through  the  Netherlands.  This  was  not  lessened 
by  the  appearance  of  Sandwich  in  the  North  Sea 
with  100  ships.  The  Dutch,  liowever,  set  them- 
selves  lit  once  to  refitting  the  shattered  remnants 
of  their  great  fleet. 

*  Lieut.-Admiral  Johan  Evertszoon,  who  was  most  un- 
justly blamed  for  this  terrible  defeat,  on  his  arrival  at 
Brielle  was  attacked  by  the  populace,  and  twice  thrown  into 
the  water  before  a  rescue  was  effected,  and  he  was  taken  to 
his  ship.  After  a  searching  examination  of  the  facts,  de  Witt 
wrote,  that  instead  of  punishment,  he  deserved  to  be  rewarded 
for  his  conduct  in  the  battle.  Evertszoon,  however,  resigned 
in  favour  of  his  brother  Cornelis,  who  was  ten  years  his 
junior.  They  were  the  grandsons  of  Evert  Heindricssen, 
who  came  from  Zouteland  to  Flushing  in  1572,  and  was  a  ship 
©aptain.     His  son  Jan  was  a  captain  in  the  Dutch  navy. 


(     115     ) 


■]i 


At  the  Summit. 


THE  ENGLISH  WAR. 


CoRXELis  VAN  Tromp  was  appointed  to  the  chief 
command,  but  upon  de  Ruyter's  almost  unhoped- 
for return,  de  Ruyter  replaced  him.  Then  van 
Tromp  refused  to  serve  under  him,  and  only  con- 
sented after  considerable  pressure.  This  was  not 
the  only  occasion  on  which  van  Tromp  was  to 
evince  a  desire  to  rival  de  Ruyter.  He  was  much 
the  younger  man  of  the  two,  having  been  born 
in  1629,  and  was,  therefore,  now  only  in  his  thirty- 
seventh  year.  His  brilliant  courage  and  his  self- 
confidence  had  been  manifest  since  when  at  nineteen 
years  of  age  he  had  commanded  a  small  squadron 
against  the  Algerians.  He  had  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Mediterranean  under 
van  Gaalen,  and  in  the  recent  fight  under  Wasse- 
naar.  As  the  second  son  of  the  great  van  Tromp, 
his  pride  was  equal  to  his  courage,  and  he  could 


K.Vj~&,<^^  f  h^ujt^.  ■«*«<  f . »    «  ^  ^ 


r^nSSSiSssQSiiisrT 


.T.'^<wj-''i;ifr-aiS>'    ■jajjttjfigj.aiii 


116 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


not  forget  that  his  father  and  grandfather  had 
fallen  in  battle  with  the  English.  A  warm  sup- 
porter of  the  House  of  Orange,  to  which  his  family 
was  greatly  indebted,  he  was  an  imdisguised 
opponent  of  de  Witt,  wlio  styled  him  a  young 
man  with  more  fire  than  reason.  In  manner  he 
chose  to  be  abrupt  and  laconic,  even  in  his  deal- 
ings with  tlie  deputies  of  the  provinces.  On 
several  occasions  the  unrestrained  fury  of  his 
attacks  in  battle  proved  highly  successful,  but 
this  quality  did  not  excuse  his  repeated  disobe- 
dience to  express  orders  (issued  by  his  commander), 
which  led  to  great  confusion  in  several  instances, 
and,  after  liis  final  (juarrel  with  de  Ruyter,  to  his 

dismissal. 

Three  commissioners  had  already  been  ap- 
pointed (the  Grand  Pensionary  de  Witt  being 
of  the  number)  to  accompany  the  admiral,  who- 
ever lie  miglit  be,  in  order  to  represent  the 
sovereignty  of  the  States  Oeneral.  De  Ruyter 
was  made  Lieut.-Adiniral  of  Holland  and  AVest 
Friesland,  and  commander-in-chief.  The  late 
Prince  of  Orange  had  been  full  admiral,  and  that 
post  was  not  filled  till  his  son  William  of  Orange 
took  it.  About  the  middle  of  August,  d©  Buy ter 
hoisted  his  flag  on  the  Del/land,      The   resusci- 


f 


AT  THE  STOIMIT. 


117 


tated  fleet  contained  93  men-of-war  or  frigates, 
with  4337  pieces  of  artillery,  15,051  sailors,  1283 
marines,  and  3300  soldiers.  De  Ruyter  divided 
his  fleet  into  four  squadrons,  and  put  to  sea,  but 
the  opposed  fleets  were  not  destined  to  meet  again 
in  the  year  1665,  and  though  both  took  prizes, 
and  were  driven  from  their  routes  by  furious 
tempests,  no  fresh  triumph  was  to  be  secured  by 
either.  About  the  11th  of  September,  Sandwich 
returned  with  a  part  of  the  fleet  to  England,  the 
remainder  following  in  the  course  of  a  few  weeks. 
The  Plague  was  raging  in  London,  and  the  fleet 
was  laid  up  for  the  winter.  The  Dutch  ranged 
from  Bergen  in  the  north  to  the  English  coast  by 
Yarmouth  and  Lowestoft  and  the  Doggerbank. 
The  States  General,  by  an  order  of  the  30th  of 
July,  had  prescribed  as  the  admiral's  first  duty, 
the  protection  of  the  vessels  returning  through 
the  Channel  and  round  the  north  of  Scotland,  and 
as  his  second  the  destruction  of  the  enemy's  fleet. 
De  Ruyter  concerted  with  the  commissioners, 
plans  for  enabling  the  units  of  his  fleet  to  work 
in  greater  harmony,  plans  for  rendering  the 
sailors'  life  more  comfortable,  for  the  improvement 
of  the  food,  of  the  vessels,  of  the  medical  service, 
and  of  the  discipline,  which  had  grown  very  lax 


118 


LIFE   OF  DE  KUYTER. 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


119 


among  the  captains,*  as  also  for  increasing  tlie 
intelligence  of  the  officers,  and  for  the  increase  of 
the  popularity  of  the  service.  He  issued  orders 
which  were  to  enable  the  fleet  to  carry  out  the 
evolutions  of  battle  with  greater  certainty  than 
heretofore,  and  he  exercised  his  fleets  in  sham 
fia-hts  from  time  to  time.  Early  in  November, 
the  Dutch  fleet  went  into  liarbour  for  the  winter, 
though    privateers    were    allowed   out    for  four 

months  longer. 

The  States  General  decreed,  on  the  16th  of 
December,  that  the  trade  witli  Greenland,  and  the 
whale  fishery,  should  cease  for  the  following  year. 
On  tlie  1st  of  February  it  was  further  resolved  to 
stop  alt  the  fisheries.  The  repairing  and  the 
building  of  the  fleet  went  on  rapidly.  Louis 
XIY.  had  declared  war  on  England  on  the 
2Gth  of  January,  and  on  the  18th  of  April  peace 

•  Discipline.  Brandt  says  (p.  310),  French  edition,  Sep- 
tember 26,  1665,  sentence  was  passed  on  Captain  Wildscliiit, 
who,  on  the  9th  of  May,  had  abandoned  his  admiral ;  and 
Lieut  Boga^rt,  who,  in  the  tight  of  the  13th  of  June,  had 
disobeyed  his  captain.  Four  other  officers  were  punished 
at  the  same  time.  A  Captain  Pieterszoon  was  punished 
October  27th,  for  entering  the  Texel  without  permission. 
at  a  time  when  his  admiral  was  expected  to  give  battle  to 
the  English. 


] 


vas  concluded  with  the  Bishop  of  Munster,  both 
oi  which  circumstances  greatly  encouraged  the 
Dutch.  The  fleet  began  coming  out  of  the  Texel 
on  the  1st  of  June.  It  consisted,  according  to 
Brandt,  of  85  men-of-war  and  frigates,  carrying 
4615  cannon,  and  21,909  sailors  and  soldiers. 

Other  accounts  vary  from  91  to  100  ships."*^ 
Tliis  fleet  was  divided  into  three  squadrons  ;  the 
first,  commanded  by  de  Ruyter,  contained  28 
vessels.  Among  his  officers  were  Lieut.-  Vice-  and 
Rear-Admirals  A.  van  Nes,  de  Liefde,  and  J .  van 
Nes.  The  second  squadron  was  under  Lieut.- 
Admirals  Evertszoon  and  de  Vries,  and  consisted 
of  28  ships.  The  third  squadron,  that  of  van 
Tromp  the  younger  and  Meppel,  had  29  vessels 
(Brandt,  p.  348). 

The  English  fleet  was  under  the  Duke  of 
Albemarle    and   Prince    Rupert.      It    contained 

*  "  Columna  Kostrata  "  (p.  167)  says,  Dutch  fleet  91,  carry- 
ing 4716  guns  and  22,402  men,  which  figures  he  quotes  from 
Nauwkeurig  Verhaal  gedrukt  door  Order  van  de  Heeren 
Staten.  From  the  memoires  of  the  Comte  de  Guiche,  who 
was  present  during  the  four  days,  it  appears  the  Dutch  had 
about  84  ships  of  war  (see  pp.  247  and  249). 

In  ColomVs  *'  Naval  Warfare  "  the  Dutch  force  is  computed 
at  96  ships,  4710  guns,  20,642  men. 


120 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


80  ships,*  but  Rupert  bad  committed  the  error 
of  weakening  it  by  witlidrawing  20  vessels  io 
search  for  the  French  fleet  near  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Albemarle,  tliinkiug  to  obtain  a  victory  in  his 
absence,  sailed  for  the  coast  of  Flanders  in  search 
of  de  Ruyter.  Little  did  he  imagine  that  he  was 
taking  his  diminished  fleet,  of  about  GO,  into  the 
very  jaws  of  death. 

De  Ruyter,  coming  soutli  from  the  Texel,  had 
anchored  on  the  night  of  the  10th  about  fire 
leacrues  from  Dunkirk.  It  was  not  liis  intention 
to  pass  into  the  Channel  until  the  east  wind  hcd 
fallen.  He  anticipated  an  early  encounter  with 
the  enemy,  and  summoned  his  admirals  and  cap- 
tains on  board  tlie  flagship.  De  Ruyter,  like 
Napoleon  and  Nelson,  fully  understood  the  effect, 
to  be  produced  on  tlie  fighting  man  by  a  few 
aimple  and  telling  phrases  on  the  eve  of  battle, 


*  II 


ColumnaRostrata"  (p.  167)  says,  EnglisH  had  between 
50  and  00  ships ;  refers  to  letter  of  de  liuyter  to  the  States 
("  Zeehelden  tweede  Deel,"  p.  222),  where  he  computes  them 
as  being,  great  and  small,  70  sail. 

Comte  de  Giiiche  (p.  249)  says  57.  In  Colomb's  "Naval 
Warfare"  the  English  force  is  taken  as  81  ships,  4460  guns 
and  21,085  men,  before  Rupert  took  away  20  ships.  Brandt 
mj  tlie  English  fleet  consisted  of  80  vessels,  but  on  the  second 
day  lie  upeaks  of  50  only  being  couuted. 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


121 


A 


and  he  probably  knew  that  his  voice  and  gestures 
would  deepen  the  impression.  He  accordingly 
addressed  his  assembled  officers  as  follows  : — 

"  The  time  has  nearly  arrived  when  we  shall 
meet  the  enemy.     The  well-being  of  the  State 
depends   upon   the  result  of  the  coming  battle. 
We  have  to  deal  with  proud  enemies,  who,  against 
all   reason,  seek   our   destruction.     Let  us  fight, 
then,  piously  for  our  fatherland,  for  our  liberty,  for 
our  dearest  treasures,  our  wives  and  children. 
The  eyes  of  all  the  world  are  now  upon  us ;  we 
have  here  the  chance  to  wipe  out  the  dishonour 
of  last  year   by  our  bravery.     Behave  then  as 
honest  and  brave  men,  bearing  yourselves  as  you 
ought.    We  have  no  need  to  fear  our  enemies, 
nor  to  despise  them,  because  they  are  sailors  and 
soldiers.     Be  resolved,  then,  to  conquer,  or  to  die. 
Trust  that  God  will  bless  our  just  cause,  as  we 
fight   only    from   necessity   and   to   gain    peace. 
Besides,  be  assured  that  courage  will  be  rewarded 
— but  the  cowardly  perjurer  shall  be  punished  by 
death.     Not  only  is  honour  to  be  gained  here,  but 
booty.     Let  each  one  then  remember  his  honour 
and  his  oath,  and  follow  my  example.     Each  one 
knows  what  instructions  I  have  given  him,  let 
each  do  his  duty." 


iiia«i«v:  ■  J  <•  '¥■ 


1  ^.^ 


LIFE   OF   DE   KUYTETl. 


All  present  having  replied  that  they  were  pre- 
pared to  die  for  their  country,  de  Euyter  concluded 
by  saying :  "  In  the  name  of  the  fatherland,  I 
thank  you  for  your  good  intentions ;  I  hope  that 
you  will  indeed  show  your  courage." 

The  Dutch  fleet  was  anchored  in  three  clusters, 
their  form,  so  far  as  it  approached  a  line,  being 
like  that  of  a  slightly  bent  bow,  the  ends  of  which 
pointed  about  north  and  south.  The  northerly 
division,  which  was  the  van,  was  commanded  by 
Evertszoon  and  de  Vries,  de  Euyter  was  in  the 
centre,  where  the  bow  bent  out  towards  the  west, 
and  van  Tromp's  cluster,  the  rear,  lay  south  of 
him. 

On  the  morning  of  the  11th  of  June,  the  wind 
had  veered  to  the  S.S.W.,and  the  Dutch  look-outs 
perceived  the  English  fleet  bearing  down  on  them 
with  the  wmd,  and  formed  in  line  ahead.  So 
swiftly  did  Albemarle's  vessels  approach,  that  the 
Dutch,  unable  to  weigh  anchor  in  time,  were 
obliged  to  cut  their  cables.  By  eleven  o'clock 
a  large  portion  of  the  English  force  was  con- 
centrated on  van  Tromp's  division,  before  de 
Euyter  could  render  any  substantial  assistance, 
and  going  on  the  starboard  tack,  passed  on  in  a 
south-easterly   direction.     Van   Tromp   went  on 


iil 


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1  0;> 

1   ~JsU 


Lit  hi    yjli    Dh    KUYlrjK. 


All  present  liavniii,'  replied  that  they  were  pre- 
pared to  die  for  th* 'ir  country,  do  Ruyter  concluded 
l)y  saying :  "  In  the  name  of  tlie  fatlierland,  I 
tliank  you  for  your  good  intentions  ;  I  hope  that 
you  will  indeed  show  your  courage." 

The  Dutcli  fleet  was  anchored  in  three  clusters, 
their  form,  so  for  as  it  ai)i>ruaclied  a  line,  being 
like  tliat  of  a  sliglitly  bent  bow,  the  ends  of  which 
pointed  about  north  and  soutli.  Tlie  northerly 
division,  which  was  the  van,  was  commanded  by 
Evertszoon  and  do  A'ries,  de  Ruyter  was  in  the 
centre,  wliero  the  bow  bent  out  towards  the  west, 
and  van  Tromp's  cluster,  the  rear,  lay  south  of 
liim. 

On  the  morniiM'-  rvf  the  lltli  of  June,  the  wind 
had  veered  to  the  S.S.W.,  and  the  Dutcli  look-outs 
perceived  the  English  fleet  bearing  down  on  them 
with  the  WMid,  and  fbrmed  iu  Hue  aliead.  So 
swiftly  did  Albemarle's  vessels  approach,  that  the 
Dutcli,  unable  to  weigh  anchor  in  time,  were 
obliged  to  cut  their  cables.  By  eleven  o'clock 
a  large  portion  of  the  English  force  was  con- 
centrated on  van  Tromp's  division,  before  de 
Ruyter  could  render  any  substantial  assistance, 
and  going  on  the  starboard  tack,  passed  on  in  a 
south-easterly   direction.     Yan    Tromp   went   on 


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AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


123 


the   same    tack,   liis    division    and    Albemarle's 
vessels  pursuing  parallel  courses. 

After  a  time,  however,   they  were   forced   to 
turn  and  come  N.N.W.  on  the  port  tack,  in  order 
to  avoid  the  shoals  of  the  French  coast,  into  which 
they  would  inevitably  have  run.     The  English 
were  still  to  windward,  and  therefore,  in  the  pro- 
longed exchange  of  broadsides,  which  were  pro- 
ducing terrific  effect  on  sails  and  rigging,  they 
were,  owing  to  the  force  of  the  wind,  so  inclined 
as   to  be  unable  to  use   their  lower  tier  which 
carried  the  heaviest  guns.    Though  suffering  from 
this  great   disadvantage,   the  British    fleet,  still 
maintaining  the  line   of  battle,  which  was  first 
introduced  about  this  time,  were  inflicting  con- 
siderable damage  on  the  Dutch  divisions,  massed 
together  as  they  were  in  the  older  style  of  war- 
fare.    The  greatest  courage  was  shown  on  both 
sides ;  but  in  the  afternoon,  as  Albemarle's  line 
was  going  N.N.W.,   the  van,   which  had   been 
originally  the  rear,  was  subjected  to  the  whole 
weight  of  De  Ruyter's  centre  and  his  rear,  which 
had  joined  the  fight    later  than   Van  Tromp's 
division.     The   great  preponderance  in  numbers 
of  the  Dutch  began  to  tell ;  but,  fortunately,  before 
this  occurred,  the  English  vessels   had  been  so 


X  iij  *jb 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUTTEB. 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


well  fought,  tluit  the  ships   of  van  Tromp  and 
Rear- Admiral  van  Nes  were  in  such  a  damaged 
condition  as  required   tliem   to  be  taken   to  the 
Dutch    shores    for    repairs.       The   Duivenoonle, 
Captain  Terlon,  was  in  flames,  and  the  French 
Comte  de  Guiche— the  historian   of  the  fio-ht— 
(witli  his  brother-in-law,  the  Prince  of  Monaco) 
was  glad  to  escape  certain  death  by  leaping  on  to 
a  passing  Dutch  vessel    De  Ruyter,  at  this  crisis, 
was   able   to  surround    and    outnumber  a  large 
portion  of  our  line,  and  here  the  less  scientific 
formation  of  the  Dutch  had  its  advantages.     On 
the  English  side,  the  ship  of  Sir  William  Berkley, 
vice-admiral  of  the  White,  was  cut  off  with  two 
others.     Berkley,  however,  with  a  courage  which 
was  the  admiration  of  friends  and  foes,  continued 
to  fight  his  sliip  after  she  was  boarded,  refusino- 
quarter,  and  defended  himself  alone  against  his 
enemies,  four  or  five  of  whom  he  sacrificed  to  his 
sense  of  honour,  till,  liis  tliroat  cut  by  a  musket 
ball,  he  reeled  into  his  cabin,  and  was  found  lyino- 
dead  on  a  table,  which  was  streaming  with  his 
blood.* 

Another  admiral  of  the  White  Squadron,  Sir 
John  Harman,   was  also  cut  ofi",  and  his  vessel 

*  "  Col.  Kostrata." 


125 


\ 


shattered  by  de  Ruyter  and  others  when  a  fire- 
ship  was  sent  against  him.     His  lieutenant,  how- 
ever,   "in  the  midst    of  the  flames,  loosed  the 
grappling  iron,  and  swung  back  on  board  his  own 
ship  unhurt."      Another  fireship   grappled   him 
on  the  larboard,  and  in  a  moment  his  sails  were 
in  flames ;  many  of  the  crew  at  once  took  to  the 
sea,  when  Harman,  rushing  among  the  others  his 
sword  drawn,  declared   he  would   kill   any   one 
who  tried  to  leave  the  ship  or  failed  to  do  his 
duty.     Inspirited  by  his  example,  the  crew  soon 
conquered  the   flames,  but    not  before  a  fallino^ 
yard  had  broken  the   gallant  admiral's  leg.     A 
third  fireship  was  promptly  sent  in,  but  his  guns 
destroyed   her,   and    then,   the    famous   Cornelis 
Evertszoon,    Lieut.-Admiral    of   Zealand,    came 
through  the  gathering  darkness   alongside  him, 
and  offered  him  quarter.    "  No,  no  ;  it  is  not  come 
to  that  yet,"  was  the  answer,  accompanied  by  a 
broadside,  which  killed  Evertszoon  and  a  number 
of  his  men,  while,  in  the  pause   that  followed, 
Harman,  with  his  40  men  left  out  of  300,  slowly 
carried  his  wreck  out  of  action  to  Harwich.     It 
was  now  about  ten  at  night,  and  the  firing  ceased, 
though  some  flaming  ships  lit  up  the  sky  and  the 
wreck-strewn  sea.     The  English  admit  to  a  loss 


I 


li) 


126 


LIFE  OF  DE  EUYTEB. 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


127 


of  three  ships,  but  claim  two  Dutch  destroyed. 

Night  was  only  the  preparation  for  the  morning. 

Well  might  leaders  and  men  busy  themselves  on 

both  sides.     De  Ruyter  had  during  the  day  borne 

himself  as  the  responsible  leader  of  the  force 

entrusted  with  the  welfare  of  his  country.    Where 

danger  required  his  presence  he  had  been  found 

—the  flagship,  which  had  lost  her  maintopmast 

("  Col.  Rostrata "),  bore  evidence  of  the  severity 

of  the  struggle. 

But  the  admiral's  position  forbade  his  acting 
with  the  reckless  fury  of  van  Tromp,  who,  after 
rushing  through  and  through  the  English  h'ne, 
ended  by  reducing  his  first  vessel  to  such  a  con- 
dition that  he  had  to  leave  her,  and  conveyed  his 
hardly  less  damaged  second  ship   to  the  Dutch 
coast  for  repairs  in  the  night,  and  possibly  for 
the  purpose  of  bringing  up  reinforcements  for  the 
morrow.     De  Ruyter  had  been  just  able  to  hold 
in  check  a  smaller  force  of  the  enemy,  whose  pre- 
sumption was  the  wonder  of  his  fleet,  and  he  felt 
that  the  critical  moment  was  reserved  for  the  next 
day.     He  called  a  council  early  on  the  following 
morning,  the  12th  of  June,  and  at  about  six  a.m.* 

*  See  Sir  J.  Jordan's  "  Log  of  the  Vangicard,"  in  Perm's 
"  Memorials." 


I 


the  attack  was  begun  by  the  English,  the  wind 
being  southerly. 

As  on  the  first  day,  Albemarle  still  had  the 
weather  gage,  but  at  times  this  advantage  was  of 
little  moment,  as  the  fleets  occasionally  fell  into 
a  dead  calm.     The  Dutch  received  an  accession 
of  strength  in  12  or  13  vessels,  which,  Brandt 
says,  van  Tromp  brought  back  repaired  in  the 
early  morning,  or,  as  Admiral  Jordan  alleges,  a 
reinforcement  "of  16  great  ships,  which   gave 
them  great  encouragement."     De  Guiche  could 
now  only  count  43  or  44  English  vessels,  while 
the  Dutch,  he  says,  had  80.     As  the  two  fleets 
passed  and  repassed  one  another,  the  cannonade 
was  as  fierce  as  on  the  first  day,  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  calm,  far  more  effective.    Later  on 
the  wind  freshened,  and  van  Tromp  getting  im- 
patient of  a  contest  which  showed  no  signs  of 
victory  for  either  combatant,  decided,  on  his  own 
responsibility,  to  take  some  of  his  ships  to  the 
further  side  of  the  enemy's  van.     The  English 
were  going  eastward  on  the  starboard  tack.     The 
Dutch  were  passing  them  to  leeward  in  a  parallel 
course,  when  van  Tromp,  with  a  portion  of  his 
rear,  was  seen  by  de  Ruyter  to  be  on  the  English 
right,  trying  to  keep  to  windward.    Perceiving 


128 


LIFE  OF  DE  EUYTER. 


i/ 


the  danger  into  which  van  Tromp  was  running, 
tie  Rujter  decided  to  take  the  whole  of  his  fleet 
to  the  other  side  of  the  English  line.     Albemarle 
did  not  succeed  in  preventing  this,  but  he  managed 
to  keep  the  wind.     Vice-Admiral  van  der  Hulst, 
who  was  with  van  Tromp,  was  killed,   the  Be 
Liefde  was  Imrnt,  and  four  shattered  vessels  had 
to  be  sent  off  to  the  Texel.    An  attempt  to  capture 
de  Ruyter,  by  the  vessels  through  whom  he  had 
passed,  failed,  owing  to  his  skill  and  the  timely 
arrival  of  support.    Between  three  and  four  o'clock 
his  foremast  fell  and  his  great  yardarm.     When 
van  Tromp  went  on  board  de  Ruyter,  after  the 
junction  of  their  vessels,  the  sailors  were  loud  in 
their  cheers,  but  de  Ruyter,  turning  to  de  Guiche, 
said,  "  Ah,  monsieur,   this  is  not  the   hour  for 
rejoicing  ;  it  is  the  time  for  tears."     There  was  a 
moment  when  it  seemed  likely  that  the  English 
would  prove  victorious,  but  their  numbers  were 
too  small  to  allow  of  their  pressing  their  advantage. 
About  four  o'clock  they  passed  the  Dutch  on  the 
port  tack  westward,  but  it  was  not  till  five,  when 
the  relative  positions  of  the  two  fleets  were  much 
the  same,^  that  Albemarle,  who  had  at  last  realized 
the    futility   of   continuing    the    struggle   for  a 
victory,  decided  to  keep  on  in  order  to  get  the 


; 


AT  THE   SUMMIT.  129 

support  of  Rupert  near  his  own  shores.     He  re- 
tired  in  perfect  order,  the  Dutch  following  slowly 
while  night  again  closed  the  scene.     The  English 
burnt  three  badly  damaged  ships. 
^^  The  next  morning,  Whit  Sunday,  June  13th, 
"the  wind  was  variable;    easterly"    (Jordan). 
Albemarle  continued   to  retreat,    16  ships   in   a 
line  abreast  forming  the  rear,  with  all  disabled 
ships   in   front—the     course    steered   was    west. 
Unhappily    Sir    George  Ayscue,   in    the   Royal 
Prince,  one  of  the  largest  and  heaviest  ships  in 
the   English  navy,  ran  on  the  Galloper  Shoal, 
and,  being  threatened  by  fireships,  was  compelled 
to  surrender  to  van  Tromp.      De  Ruyter  burnt 
the  vessel,  to  prevent  its   being  retaken.     The 
English     were     then     steering    about    W.S.W. 
Rupert's    squadron   was  seen   towards   evening^ 

and  Albemarle's  fleet  was  not   further  attacked 
that  day. 

In  the  early  morning  of  the  fourth  day,  June  4th 
de  Ruyter  called  a  council  of  war.  He  addressed 
It  as  follows :  «  Here  you  see  the  English,  and 
there  the  Dutch  war  fleets.  The  last  few  days 
have  shown  all  that  the  English  can  do  against 
us.  The  one  day's  fight,  on  which  the  prosperity 
or  misfortune  of  the  country  depends,  you  still 

K 


w 


130 


LIFE   OF  DE  RUYTER. 


ill 
II 


have  to  w  throuo^h  with  me.  The  power  of 
defending  the  fetherland  is  entrusted  to  your 
hands.  The  States  General,  the  fathers  of  the 
fatherland,  our  relations,  our  wives  and  children, 
the  dearest  treasures,  long  for  a  happy  issue. 
Determine  not  to  let  the  laurels  you  have  gained 
in  three  days'  fighting  be  taken  from  you.  It  is 
the  same  enemy  you  saw  fly  yesterday.  Show 
yourselves  soldiers.  It  is  better  to  die  for  the 
fatherland  than  to  retreat  like  scoundrels,  leaving 
it  a  prey  to  the  enemies.  You  must  fight  for 
liberty,  or  become  slaves,  or  die  in  Englisli  prisons 
of  hunger,  misery,  and  stench.  If  you  help  one 
another  faithfully,  the  victory  is,  through  God's 
blessing,  in  your  hand.  You  already  see  the 
enemy  coming.  Nothing  more  can  be  done 
with  the  tongue ;  you  must  now  fight  with  the 
fist." 

Thus  encouraged,  the  Dutch  oflScers  betook 
themselves  to  their  ships.  Meanwhile,  such  of 
the  crews  as  had  been  prisoners  in  England, 
incited  their  comrades  to  revenge. 

Between  eight  and  nine  o'clock  the  fight  began 
"  very  fiercely,"  as  Jordan  says.  The  Dutch,  accord- 
ing to  Prince  Rupert's  letter  (quoted  in  "  Columna 
Rostrata  "),  were  almost  out  of  sight  when  he  and 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


131 


I 

1l 


Albemarle  went  in  search  of  them.  Van  Tromp, 
Sweers,  and  de  Liefde  were  all  dismasted  in  the 
struggle  which  followed,  and  the  flagship  of 
Rupert  was  badly  pierced.  The  Dutch  had 
the  weather  gage,  but  the  English  fleet  passed 
through  them,  and  was  the  most  dispersed  of  the 
two  in  doing  so.  De  Euyter,  who,  alive  to  every 
move  in  the  game,  had  already  saved  de  Liefde, 
now  saw  his  opportunity  of  overwhelming  the 
force  nearest  to  him,  and,  being  seconded  by  those 
about  him,  completed  the  disorganization  of  the 
English  fleet. 

Among  the  incidents  of  the  terrible  struggle 
that  was  going  on,  none  is  more  worthy  of  recol- 
lection than  that  of  Admiral  Mings  (whose  career 
began  as  a  common  sailor),*  and  who  on  this  awful 
day  had  done  all  that  duty  could  expect  of  him, 
being  shot  in  the  throat,  refused  to  have  his  wound 
attended  to,  but  holding  back  the  flowing  blood 
with  his  hand,  continued  to  take  part  in  the  fight 
till  another  ball  struck  him  in  the  same  place,  and 
instantly  ended  his  heroic  life. 

"  At  seven  most  of  our  great  ships,  disabled  in 
masts,  yards,  rigging,  want  of  men  to  ply  guns, 

•  He  was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker.     See  Pepys*  diary  and 
"  Col.  Kostrata." 


t 


1  '\'2 


LIFE   OF  DE   FiUYTER. 


powder    and    shot    were    all    spent,    forced    our 
retreat,"  says  Jordan. 

At  about  that  time  a  thiclc  mist  fell  upon  the 
two  fleets,  and  separated  the  gallant  men  who  liad 
given    a    prolonged    spectacle    of    courage   and 
tenacity,  which  lias  never  been  equalled  in  any 
naval  contest  to  this  day.     The  English  admitted 
a  loss  of  nine  to  10  ships,  in  addition  to  the  Eoj/al 
Prince,    6()()    men    killed,    HOC)    wounded,   and 
2000  taken  prisoners  ;  and  they  affirmed  tliat  the 
Dutch   lost   a  large  niiml >er   of  men-of-war  and 
some  5000  men  killed  and  wounded,  among  tlie 
former  three  vice-admirMls.     The  Dutch,  though 
they  admitted  a  loss  ( )f  four  or  five  men-of-war, 
claimed  to  have  destroyed  or  taken  17 — but  they 
only  took  home  six  Engli.^u  vu:5:.uis.* 

*  Captain  Mahan's  account  of  the  four  days'  fight  in  liis 
"  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  History,"  makes  the  varying 
features  of  this  ^tr,iggie  perfectly  clear,  while  investing 
them  with  the  suggestiveness  and  interest  that  attaches  to 
all  his  writings. 

lie  biises  his  view  of  these  fights  largely  upon  the  account 
of  de  Guichc,  and  on  a  letter  recently  discovered  from  "  a 
Dutch  gentleman  serving  on  board  de  Euyter's  ship,  to  a 
friend  in  France,"  published  in  the  B(^ue  Mariime  et 
Cvloniale. 

Mahan  takes  the  numbers  of  the  English  ships  to  be 
about  60,  the  Dutch  about  100.     Mahan  accepts,  as  regards 


AT  THE   SUMMIT. 


lo3 


What  was  de  Ruyter's  conduct  after  the  victory 
he  had  gained  ?    Fortunately  for  us  the  Comte  de 
Guiche  was  in  his  vessel  on  the  fourth  day,  and  his 
account   tells  us   that  de  Euyter,  whose   simple 
manners  resembled  those  of  the  patriarchs  or  the 
ancient  Eomans,  gave  thanks  to  God,  to  whom  lie 
ascribed  the  victory.     De  Guiche  found  the  great 
admiral,  simple   and   modest  as   ever,  next   day 
sweeping  out  his  cabin  and  feeding  his  fowls.* 

the  result,  the  opinion  of  Lefevre  Pontalis,  "  Vie  de  Jean  de 
Witt,"  as  follows:  "The  States  lost  in  these  actions  three 
vice-admirals,  2000  men,  and  four  ships.  The  loss  of  the 
English  was  6000  killed  and  3000  prisoners,  and  they  lost 
besides  17  ships,  of  which  nine  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
victors." 

N.B.— It  may  be  here  remarked  that  Lefevre  Pontalis,  in 
his  references  to  Chatham  andKoohester,  does  not  seem  quite 
impartial. 

No  description  of  the  four  days'  fight  is  complete  which  does 
not  take  into  account  Admiral  Colomb's  relation  of  the  eveat. 
It  18  not  largely  quoted  here,  partly  because  it  is  based  to 
some  extent  on  "  Columna  Eostrata,"  and  partly  because  it 
seems  preferable  to  give  foreign  evidence  in  the  limited 
space  at  our  disposal. 

*  De  Guiche  "Memoires,"  p.  252.  "He  must  be  looked  upon 
in  the  same  way  as  one  of  those  old  Romans  who  in  the 
infancy  of  the  Republic,  often  exchanged  the  spade  for  the 
general's  baton,  and  returned  from  one  to  the  other.  There 
is  in  his  character  a  depth  of  goodness  and  uprightness, 
which  cannot  be  expressed."     Page  268.  "  I  have  never  seen 


1*1 


far,*;  —t^ 


ii 


134 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEIl. 


De  Guiche  also  breaks  into  ecstasies  over  the 
English  navy.  '*  Notliinj]^/*  he  says,  "  equals  the 
beautiful  order  of  the  English  at  sea.  Never  was 
a  line  drawn  straighter  than  that  formed  by  their 
ships,  etc."* 

It  is  said  that  when  Rupert's  force  was  coming 
to  assist  Albemarle,  the  sliips  which  had  already 
fought  so  hard  a  fight  for  three  days,  advanced 
with  drums  beating  and  trumpets  sounding  to 
charge  again  through  the  Dutch  ("  Col.  Rostrata," 
p.  172).  The  Grand  Pensionary  de  Witt  told  the 
English  ambassador,  Sir  William  Temple,  "that 
we  gained  more  honour  to  our  nation,  and  to  the 
invincible  courage  of  our  seamen,  than  by  the 
other  two  victories,  that  he  was  sure  their  men 

liim  otherwiso  than  even  tempered,  and  when  victory  was 
certain,  he  always  said  it  is  God  who  gives  it  us,  la  any 
disorder,  and  when  loss  seemed  certain,  he  appeared  to  me 
to  be  thinking  only  of  the  misfortune  of  his  country,  but 
always  submisHive  to  the  will  of  God.  It  might  be  said  that 
he  has  buuic thing  of  the  freedom  and  the  absence  of  court- 
liness of  the  patriarchs  ;  and  finally,  the  day  after  victory,  I 
found  him  sweeping  out  his  room  and  feeding  his  chickens." 
♦  Evelyn's  diary,  June  17th,  1666  :  "I  went  on  shore  at 
Sheerness.  .  .  .  Here  I  beheld  the  sad  spectacle,  more  than 
halfe  that  gallant  bulwark  of  the  kingdom  miserably 
shattered,  hardly  a  vessel  entire,  but  appear  rather  so  many 
wrecks  and  hulls,  so  cruelly  had  the  Dutch  mangl'd  na." 


,w 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


135 


could  never  have  been  brought  on  the  two  follow- 
ing days  after  the  disadvantages  of  the  first, 
and  he  believed  no  other  nation  was  capable  of 
it  but  ours  "  (Temple's  "  Observations  upon  the 
United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands  "). 

The  two  things  that  will  be  remembered 
longest  in  connection  with  this  fight  are  de 
Ruyter  and  the  English  sailor— the  greatness 
and  the  simplicity  of  the  first,  and  the  enduring 
couranre  and  devotion  of  the  second.  The  sound 
of  those  drums  beating  and  trumpets  braying,  as 
the  battered  wrecks  were  pushed  again  through 
the  waters  to  their  last  charge,  still  thrills  the 
heart  with  pathos  of  that  scene— across  the 
centuries — whenever  the  story  of  the  four  days' 

fight  is  told. 

De  Euyter  did  not  pursue  the  English  on  the 
15th  of  June,  because  the  condition  of  his  ships 
did  not  permit.  He  therefore  returned  at  once 
to  Wielingen,  near  Ostend,  and  received  forth- 
with the  praises  of  the  States  General,  who 
however  expressed  the  wish  that  some  of  the 
fleet  should  have  kept  the  sea.  The  victory  was, 
however,  not  so  complete  as  to  allow  of  that. 
Probably  a  somewhat  exaggerated  idea  of  its 
importance    had    been    created.     The  States   of 


u 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 

Zealand  entertained  their  heroes  at  dinner  the 
second  day  after  their  return.  The  Grand  Pen- 
sionary de  Witt  attended  on  de  Riiyter,  and 
with  the  help  of  his  officers  eompiled  a  report 
for  the  States  General.* 

Congratulations   now   flowed    in;    the    Dutch 
ambassador  to  France  conveyed    the   admiration 
of  Louis  XIV,     Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau  joined 
the  chorus  of  i)raise.     Tlie  30th  of  June  being 
ordained  a  day  of  public  thauks^ivinc*    for    the 
Netherlands,  the  evenin^^  was   the   occasion    for 
calling-    together    all     tlie    highest    personages, 
national  or  foreign,  in  tlie  country.     Yondel  and 
the  other  poets  were  set  to  sing  the  hero  of  the 

*  l)e  GuicLe,  who  dislikcl  de  Witt,  says  (p.  270)  that  de 
Witt  caused  an  account  of  the  battle  to  be  issued  which  was 
not  strictly  coiTCct-^-he  had  magnified  the  advantage  gained 
by  the  Dutch  and  the  loss  of  the  enemy;  "he  killed  five  or 
six  thousand  witli  his  pen  beyond  the  actual  amount,  and 
he  burned  in  effect  with  his  candle  a  score  of  ships,  which 
were  in  go*  '  ndition  in  the  Thames.  His  emissaries 
confirmed  this  truth  from  the  first,  of  which  the  real  oonBe- 
quence  would  liavc  l^en  the  loss  of  England." 

Be  Guiche  iixiunucd  the  king  of  France  of  the  exact  state 

of  affairs  according  to  his  views. 
Side  by  siile  with  this  should  be  read  Pepjs*  diary  of  tkis 

date,  with  Um  account  of  the  rejoicings   in   England  over 

Albemarle  B  «a|>posed  victory,  and  the  sul  sequent   dismay 

when  it  proved  a  defeat. 


i^. 


I 


)1 


*»■' 


II 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


137 


day.  Though  Vondel  in  his  war  pieces  hardly 
bears  translating,  the  following  rough  rendering 
may  help  to  show  the  intensity  of  the  feeling 
which  pervaded  the  United  Provinces  after  the 
four  days'  fight : — 

Wliither  unswerving  did  de  Euyter  bear 

His  shield  with  noblest  emblems  blazoned  fair, 

Of  prudence  and  of  war  science, 

The  eye  by  Heavenly  hand  led  on, 

(Where  all  sides  round  a  furnace  shone). 

Upheld  by  God's  omnipotence. 

Measure  and  law,  the  hero  sets 

To  the  many- voiced  war  trumpets. 

Sounding  as  one,  mortars  and  musketry 

Ruled  by  the  harmony  of  song, 

Poured  forth  their  w^ar  notes  short  or  long. 

In  the  war  melody  over  the  sea. 

Hark  all  ye  mermaids,  mermen,  Triton  sires, 

The  bass  and  treble  chanting  of  the  choirs 

Of  Mars,"  upon  the  mast  now  swift  ascending. 

That  whelmed  below  the  standard  of  the  king:. 

With  the  ocean's  chorus  jubilating, 

In  the  war  of  wood  on  iron  orrindinsr. 

In  the  ever-varying  battle's  chances, 

TIE  dwindling  cease  at  last  the  old  war  dances. 

States  serene,  to  you  be  joyance 

Of  this  success  beyond  compare. 
Gained  for  subject  people's  pleasance 

And  Christendom  by  God's  blessing  rare. 


*  "Mars,"  in  the  original,  means  the  God  of  War,  and  a 
topmast.   Ilence  a  play  on  the  word,  q^uite  lost  in  translation. 


138 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


AT  THE   SUMMIT. 


139 


ft 
PI 


Henceforth  must  all  your  fleets  be  free 
On  every  coast,  from  east  to  west, 

While  night  brings  day  o'er  land  and  sea — 
Thus  quench  this  fiery  waterpest, 

HelFs  serpent  out  of  British  sloughs, 

While  in  your  shadow  we  repose. 

On  a  medal  struck  in  commemoration    of   the 
fight  were  versc8  which  may  be  translated  thus — 

The  God  of  gods  alone 
Makes  laws  for  the  Ocean, 
Lord  of  the  Admirals  still ; 
The  State's  chief  be  upheld, 
That  Britain*8  power  had  quelled. 
Who  can  check  God*s  mighty  will  ? 

Meantime  the  repairs  of  the  fleet  were  pushed 
;ls  fast  as  possible.  The  States  General  issued, 
on  the  3rd  of  July,  an  order  to  de  Ruyter  to  meet 
tlic  English  fleet  as  early  as  possible,  wherever 
it  might  be,  and  to  attack  it.  If  the  French 
fleet  were  likely  to  join  the  Dutch,  it  would  be 
satisfactory,  providing  it  did  not  delay  the  exe- 
cution of  the  first  order.  On  the  next  day,  de 
Ruyter  put  to  sea,  and  two  days'  later,  when  oflf 
i^chooneveldt,  had  under  liis  control  75  men-of-war 
and  frigates,  and  seven  firesliips.  The  wind  was 
contrary,  and  it  took  several  days  to  pass  along 
the  Dutch  and  Belgian  coast  to  between  Ostend 
and  Nieuwport. 


Pilots  were  wanting  for  the  intended  advance 
up   the   Thames;    but   it   was   hoped   a   landing 
might  be  made  near  the  North   Foreland,  and 
COOO  to  7000  troops  were  taken  in  store  ships. 
Arrived  off  the  Thames,  de  Ruyter  learnt  from 
de   Liefde   and  Bankert,  who   were  sent   to   re- 
connoitre, that  an  English  fleet  of  50  warships, 
IG  fireships,  and  15  other  vessels  was  lying  ofi" 
Queensborougli,     The  Dutch,  who  had  evidently 
over  calculated  the  damage  done  to  the  English 
fleet  by  the  four  days'  figtt,  were  somewhat  sur- 
prised.    Their  project  of  landing  at  Harwich  was 
not  found  feasible,  and  the  troops  were  wisely 
sent  home.      A  polite  offer  from  the  King   of 
France  to  lend  2000  soldiers  from  Boulogne  was 
declined. 

At  a  council  of  war  held  on  the  17th,  several 
officers,  who  against  orders  had  retired  in  the 
recent  battle,  were  fined.  It  was  decided  that 
the  English  on  coming  out  were  to  be  allowed 
to  pass  the  shallows  into  the  open  sea  before 
being  attacked.  On  the  29th  of  July  it  was 
ascertained  that  the  English  were  coming,  and 
the  following  day  de  Ruyter  called  his  officers 
together,  and  recommended  them  to  act  loyally 
together,   to    assist    one    another,  and    to    obey 


!±  -r  o  »,  _       '^S'E*"''I-*A\  '■-"'  ' 


140 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


"I 
ft  I 


orders  carefully.     On  tlie  morning  of  the  1st  of 
August   the   Engh'sli  r-,nne  out,  as  Brandt  says, 
90  strong,  aud   the  JJiitch  retired   north  of  tlie 
Galloper.     Next    day,    the   wind    being   S.S.E., 
there  was  a  violent  thunderstorm.     On  the  3rd 
de    Ruyter    went    X.X.i:.,    and    anchored;    the 
storm  continued.     After   -ime  further  mancBuv- 
ring  the  English  were  N.E.  of  him.     The  wind 
changing    to   N.,  and  the   English    having   thus 
the  weather  gage,  both  fleets  went  on  the  same 
tack  east.     At  nine  in  the  evening  botli  anchored, 
and  all  prepared  f jr  battle  on  the  morrow,*  the 
Dutcli  force,  after  sending  back  some  ships,  con- 
tained 88  men-of-war  and  frigates,   VJ   fireships, 
and  10  yachts  (Brandt,  p.  372). 

The  van    was   connnanded   by  Lieut.-Admiral 
J.  Evertszoon,  who  had  patriotically  returned  to 
the   fleet   after   liis    brother's  deatli,  the  rear  by 
van  Tiuiiip,  and  it  was  forbidden,  under  jjain  of 
death,  to   leave   the   flags,  except  on  the  most 
pressing  necessity.      Among  the  admirals  in  de 
Ruyter's  fleet  on  the  4th  of  August,  Banckert  or 
Bankert,  represented  a  Zeeland  family  honourably 
connected  with  .Midvlelburg  and  Flushing,  which 
in  less   tlian  seventy  years  produced  one  lieut.- 

*  Brandt,  Lediard,  25th  of  July  (O.S.) 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


141 


I) 


4 


1 


admiral,  one  vice-admiral,  and  seven  captains  to 
defend  their  country.  One  of  the  family  emi- 
grated to  New  York,  and  the  name  is  still  honour- 
ably maintained  in  the  United  States,  where  it  is 
now  spelt  Bancker. 

The  English  fleet  was  commanded  by  Albe- 
marle, now  an  old  man  (he  was  about  18  months 
younger  than  de  Ruyter),  but  burning  to  wipe 
out  the  memory  of  his  late  defeat,  who  led 
the  Red  Squadron  in  the  centre.  Vice-Admiral 
Sir  Thomas  Allen  commanded  the  van,  composed 
of  the  White  Squadron,  the  rear  was  led  by  Sir 
X  Smith  of  the  Blue ;  the  English  numbers  were 
between  80  and  89  men-of-war  and  frigates,  and 
18  or  19  fireships. 

They  were  in  the  open  sea  some  eight  leagues 
N.N.E.  from  the  north  Foreland.  The  wind  came 
from  about  N.N.E.  The  English  therefore  had 
the  weather  gage,  but  a  calm  ensued,  and  it  was 
not  till  about  twelve  o'clock  that  Evertszoon's 
squadron  came  in  contact  with  the  English. 
When  it  did,  it  was  so  separated  from  de  Ruyter 
in  the  centre,  that  Albemarle,  whose  left  was  to 
have  dealt  with  it  alone,  was  able  to  concentrate 
a  portion  of  the  centre  upon  Evertszoon  and  de 
Vries.     Both  of  these  lieut. -admirals  were  killed 


1 


'  ,»-■-•  ...—I.    -■  -   ■■    •vns'it.  -g-t     3W!*— iJf 


4    J 


LIFE  OP  DE  RUYTER. 


early  in  the  fight,  but  the  death  of  the  faoious 
Evertszoon    was  a  crushing  blow.      His   father, 
four  brothers,  and  a  son  had  died  in  the  service  of 
Holland.    Vice- Admiral  Banker!  was  compelled  to 
leave  liis  ship,  which  sank  soon  after,  and  another 
Dutch   vessel,  the   Sneek,  was  burnt.     Another 
vice-admiral,  Koenders,  was  killed  about  the  same 
time,  and   tlie   crew  of  his  vessel,  seized  by  an 
unreasoning  panic,  wore  ship  and  left  the  fight, 
followed  by  some  others  of  the  same  squadron. 
De  liuyter,  witli  the  centre  somewhat  scattered, 
had  now  come  up,  and  was  at  once  singled  out 
by  Albemarle,  who  as  Fepys  tells  the  tale,  said 
(chewing  of  tobacco  the  while),  "  now  will  thi« 
fellow  come   and   give   me   two   broadsides,  and 
then  he  shall  run." 

For  three  hours  did  they  fight,  broadside  to 
broadside,  but  Albemarle  and  Eupert,  who  was 
with  him,  had  to  retire  in  that  time  to  refit,  and 
finally  to  change  their  wreck  for  a  fresh  ship.  At 
last,  when  the  van  of  the  Dutch  had  disappeared, 
yielding  to  a  concentration  too  powerful  to  resist 
longer, de  Ruyter  and  his  squadron  began  to  retreat. 
His  seconds.  Captains  Rut  Maximillian,  Nyhof, 
Hogenhoek,  and  Poel  were  all  killed,  his  ship 
was  fast  becoming  unserviceable,  and  van  Tromp 


\  \ 


-J    CD 
UJ    CO 


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o 


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c 

c 
O 


X 

o 


QQ 


mJLm 

o 

mmm 

UJ 


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CO 


MiJ 


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o 
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UJ 


VJ 


I 


U 


o 


142 


LIFE  OF   DE  RUYTEE. 


I 


early  in  the  figlit,  1 »iit  tlie  death  of  the  fixinous 
Evertszoon    was  a  crushing  blow.      His    fatlier, 
four  brothers,  and  a  son  liad  died  in  the  service  of 
Holland.     Vice- Admiral  I'ankert  was  compelled  to 
lea\r  lii>  ship,  whicli  sank  soon  after,  and  anotlier 
Dutch    vessel,  the    Sm  vu',    was    burut.     Another 
vice-admiral,  Koenders,  was  killed  about  the  same 
time,   and    tli( '   crew  of   his  vessel,  seized  by  an 
unreasoning  |)anic,  wore  ship  and  left  the  liglit, 
followed   by  some  others  of  the  same  squadron. 
De  Kiiyter,  with  tlie  centre  somewhat  scattered, 
liad   now  come  up,  and  was  at  once  singled  out 
by   Albemarle,  who  as  Fepys   tells  the  tale,  said 
(chewing  of  tol)acco  the   while),      mAv  will  this 
fellow  come   and    give    me    two    broadsides,   and 
then  lie  shall  run/' 

For  tliree  hours  did  tliey  fight,  ItroaVlside  to 
broadside,  but  Albemarle  and  Kupert,  who  was 
with  him,  had  to  retire  in  that  time  to  refit,  and 
iinally  to  cliange  their  wreck  for  a  fresh  ship.  At 
last,  when  the  van  of  the  Dutcli  had  disappeared, 
yielding  to  a  concentration  too  powerful  to  resist 
longer, de  liuy  ter  and  his  squadron  began  to  retreat. 
His  seconds.  Captains  Rut  Maximillian,  Nyhot^ 
Hogenhoek,  and  Foel  were  all  killed,  his  ship 
was  fost  becoming  unserviceable,  and  van  Tromp 


itmmmtm 


— 1 

(D 

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CO 

DC 

CX) 

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U- 

X 

d 

H 

3 

< 

QC 

O 

c 


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CO 


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U 


c 
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CO 


A 


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AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


14 


i'f 


with  the  rear  guard  was  out  of  sight.  When 
the  fight  commenced  van  Tromp,  instead  of  fall- 
ing into  line,  had  remained  stationary  with  his 
squadron,  which  was  the  largest  of  the  three. 
He  remained  about  three  leagues  to  the  west  of 
the  main  body,  until  Sir  J.  Smith,  with  the  Blue 
Squadron,  the  lightest  of  the  English  divisions, 
approached  him  ;  when,  charging  into  it,  he  sank 
the  Resolution  of  66  guns,  and  after  a  smart 
encounter  found  his  enemy  retreating.  Without 
waiting  to  assist  the  broken  van  and  the  isolated 
centre,  van  Tromp,  who  was  accused  of  bearing 
a  severe  grudge  against  de  Ruyter  for  having 
taken  the  chief  command  out  of  his  hands,  and 
whose  instructions  were  so  clear  as  not  to  be 
misunderstood,  immediately  followed  KSmith.  The 
Dutch  historians  have  maintained  that  Smith's 
flight  was  preconcerted ;  van  Tromp  was  last  seen 
on  that  day  of  surprises  following  him  far  off  in 
the  N.W.  De  Kuyter  and  the  remnant  of  his 
flee,  continued  retling  ,11  day  »nd  .11  ni.ht 
to  the  S.S.E. ;  the  soldiers  who  were  on  board 
helping  the  sailors  and  working  the  guns  the 
next  morning,  when  the  tired  gunners  could 
scarcely  be  roused  from  their  sleep  by  pulling 
their   hair   and   their  limbs  as  they  lay  on  the 


144 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


AT   THE   SUIVIMIT. 


145 


It 


deck.     The  wind  had  fallen   very  much  on  the 
5th,  and  de  Ruyter,  by  the  exercise  of  constant 
vigilance,    was    enal)led    to   escape    the   fireships 
sent  after  him,  and  to  avoid  being  boarded.     The 
Dutch  accounts  say  that  Ills  eight  ships,  all  that 
remained   with   him,    were   chased   by   22.     His 
friend,    Lieut.-Admiral    van    Nes,   who    was   on 
one  of  the  eiglit,  kept  close  to  him ;  but  at  one 
moment  de   Ruyter  broke  down,  and  exclaimed 
to  his  son-in-law,  de  Witto,  "  0  God,  must  I  be 
so  unhappy  ?    Out  of  so  many  thousands  of  bullets, 
isn't  there  one  to  kill  me  ?  "     The  common  sensJ 
of  his   son-in-law  recalled    his   courage,  and    he 
carried   his   fleet   into   the   kindly   shoals  which 
had   so   often    saved    the    Dutcli  ships   from  the 
English  vessels. 

\'an  Tromp.  voUu-invs  from  his  useless  uhase, 
and  avoiding  Albemarl  before  Wielingen 

on  the  Gth  of  August. 

The  Dutch  claimed  that  the  English  loss  in 
the  battle  of  the  4th  of  August  was  four  war- 
ships. This  is  denied  by  tiie  English,  who 
admit  only  one  man-of-war  and  some  fireships, 
while  they  claim  the  Dutch  loss  in  sunk  and 
burnt  to  be  20,  and  in  killed  4000,  wounded 
3000  men.     One  thing  is  certain,  England  had 


regained  the  command  of  the  sea,  and  profited  by 
it  in  a  degree  not  attained  by  the  Dutch  after 
the  four  days'  fight.     The  English  fleet  at  once 
passed   along   the   coast,   "taking    ships   at   the 
mouths  of  the  harbours,"  and  stopping  trade.     In 
de  Ruyter's  grief  at  the  loss  of  the  battle,  he 
was   consoled   by   the   resolution   of   the   States 
General  expressing  their  sense  of  his  own  valour 
and  conduct.     The  King  of  France  hastened  to 
praise   his  retreat.     Punishments  were  awarded 
to   certain  persons   for   misconduct,  and  repairs 
were  rapidly  pushed  forward.     De  Ruyter's  ship, 
the  Sevm  Provinces,  was  lying  off  Flushing,  when 
his  youngest  daughter  Anne,  a  child  of  eleven 
who  had  apparently  come  to  see  him,  died  there.' 
De    Ruyter    had   now   the    unpleasant    task   of 
reporting  the  conduct  of  van  Tromp  to  the  States 
General,  in  consequence  of  which  van  Tromp  was 
deprived  of  his  rank  of  lieut.-admiral,  and  retired 
Shortly  before  this  was  done,  Holmes  the  free- 
booter now  Sir  Robert  Holmes,  in  command  of 
nine  frigates,  five  fireships,  and   seven   ketches 
arrived   off  the   coast,   August    the   20th  *   and 
attempted  to  land  at  the  Vlie,  but  was  prevented 
by  a  storm ;  he  burnt   the  greater  part  of  200 
*  Brandt.    Lediard  says  August  8th  (O.S). 


1,1 


i 


14G 


LIFE  OF   DE  RUYTER. 


ships   there.     At  the  island  of  Schelling,   how- 
ever, he  landed  '*  11   companies,  and,  seeing  no 
other  way  of  destroying  the  magazines,  they  laid 
the  town  of  Brandaries  in  ashes,  600  or  700  houses 
being  consumed."     The  loss  to  the  Dutch  in  ships 
and  goods  was  estimated  by  them  at  12,000,000 
florins — about   £1,100,000.     As  Admiral  Colomb 
remarks  in   his  "  Naval   Warfare,"  this   amount 
approximated  to  the  revenue  of  England  at  that 
day,  which  was  £1,500,000,  and,  as  the  present 
revenue  is  about  £100,000,000,  it  would  propor- 
tionately be  valued  at  over  £66,000,000  to-day. 
Twelve  or  fourteen  prizes  were  taken  on  the  coast. 
Meanwhile  Louis  XTV,  had  sent  de  Ruyter  his 
portrait  set  in  diamonds,  with  the  order  of  St. 
Michael,  and  fresh  arrangements  were  made  for 
a  junction  between  the  Dutch  and  French  fleets. 
By  the  beginning  of  September,  the  fleet  had  been 
again  put  in  order.     Ninety-nine   ships  of  war 
and   frigates,  and  26  to  27  fireships  put   to  sea 
under  de  Ruyter,  to  search  for  the  English.     They 
were  found  lying  off  Harwich   to   the  number, 
Brandt  says,  of  00  sail.      The   next   day    they 
followed.     De  Ruyter  desired  to  get  them  away 
from  their  coast,  but  the  Dutch  account  says  they 
declined  his  challenge  to  fight  in  the  Straits  of 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


147 


Dover.  The  English  fleet  was  in  an  incomplete 
state,  as  Pepys  says,  October  7,  etc.  The  Eng- 
lish accounts  say  they  tried  to  induce  the  Dutch 
to  fight  but  could  not.  The  Dutch  fleet  sailed 
down  the  Channel,  and  anchored  off  Etaples,  near 
Boulogne.  While  directing  the  training  of  a  gun 
on  an  English  fireship,  a  lighted  piece  of  fuse  was 
blown  into  de  Ruyter's  throat,  causing  him  con- 
siderable pain,  and  brought  on  a  violent  fever, 
which  compelled  him  to  take  to  bed  for  some  time 
(Brandt  and  de  Guiche).  It  was  decided  by  his 
council  to  sail  northward  again,  when  a  French 
envoy,  the  Comte  de  Feuillades,  arrived  on  board, 
and  requested,  from  his  king,  that  the  Dutch 
would  go  as  far  as  Brest  and  there  meet  the  French 
fleet  from  La  Rochelle.  A  messenger  was  sent  to 
notify  their  High  Mightinesses,  that  it  was  pro- 
posed to  bring  the  fleet  north.  It  seems  just 
possible  that  the  English  fleet  had  prevented  the 
junction  of  the  Dutch  and  French. 

The  illness  which  prevailed  among  officers  and 
men  was  still  on  the  increase.  There  were  as 
many  as  2500  down  with  various  complaints. 

A  severe  gale,  on  the  19th  of  September,  struck 
the  fleet  from  the  west,  doing  great  damage  to 
many  of  the  ships,  and  the  French,  not  having 


ii^j-'fjij  -  iWU  ».  ■g'^  •an.''    ..   C  ,1.9    •£  '. 


148 


LIFE  OF   DE   P.UYTER. 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


149 


joined  by  the  date  anticipated,  tlie  Dutch  came 
north  to  between  Ostend  and  Blankeuberg",  and 
awaited    instructions    from    the   States   General. 
The   confusion    which    reigned    in   the    English 
command,  owing  to  the  great  fire  of  London,  was 
the  cause  of  instructions  being  given  to  continue 
at  sea.      Another  tempest  wrought  them  some 
further  damage,  and  de  Ruyter,  whose  fever  con- 
tinued to  weaken   him,  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
land.     Then  it  was  that  their  High  Mightmesses 
resolved  to  send  three  commissioners  to  assist  the 
admiral  in  all  questions  of  national  policy,  and  in 
cases  where  he  would  be  otherwise  compelled  to 
refer  home  for  instructions.     Johan  de  Witt,  the 
Grand  Pensionary,  hev^'-  th^  only  commissioner 
ready,  at  once  joined  the  fleet.     De  Euyter's  ill- 
ness continued  to  weaken  his  constitution,  and  he 
was  sent  home,   arriving  in  Amsterdam  on  the 
5tli  of  October.     He  found  his  home  full  of  illness. 
Not  till  two  months  later,  on  Sunday  the  5th  of 
December,  was  he  able  to  leave  his  house.     His 
first  visit  was  to  churcli,  wliere  he  returned  thanks 
for  his  recovery. 

The  news  of  his  convalescence  was  the  signal 
for  sending  him  handsome  presents  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  Provinces. 


His  portrait  was  hung  in  the  council  chamber 
of  the  admiralty  of  the  north  quarter. 

War  was  impossible  in  the  winter  ;  but,  though 
the  English  king  was  to  send  ambassadors  to 
treat  for  peace  at  Breda,  it  was  resolved  that  72 
men-of-war  should  be  equipped  for  the  spring,  of 
which  half  should  be  ships  of  60  to  80  guns,  and 
capable  of  carrying  300  to  500  men  (Brandt, 
p.  400).  The  necessary  complement  of  small 
vessels  was  also  to  be  provided,  and  besides,  18 
men-of-war  were  to  be  kept  at  all  times  in  a 
perfect  state  of  preparation  in  the  ports. 

De  Ruyter  was  again  duly  appointed  to  com- 
mand in  chief  on  the  29th  of  March. 

It  was  well  known  in  Holland,  as  Brandt 
admits,  that  the  preparations  for  war  in  England 
were  on  a  very  small  scale,  but  he  withholds  the 
correct  reason,  which  was  as  well  known  in 
Holland  as  in  London.  Brandt  refers  to  the  fire 
of  London  as  having  enervated  the  English,  and 
to  the  court  of  France  having  made  Charles  II.'s 
mother  believe  the  Dutch  would  only  provide 
enough  vessels  to  defend  their  coasts.  Charles 
had,  indeed,  spent  so  much  money  on  court 
favourites,  that  the  nation's  purse-strings  were 
drawn  very  tightly  in  1667,  and  he  was,  it  is  said, 


150 


LIFE  OF   DE   nUYTER. 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


151 


persuaded  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  (Clarendon), 
the  Lord  Treasurer  (Southampton),  the  Duke  of 
Albermarle  and  others,  to  lay  up  the  first  and 
eecond-class  ships  for  the  year.* 

This  decision  was  known  at  the  beginning  of 
March.  Pepvs'  diary  savs,  under  date  March 
the  6th— 

"  The  Duke  of  York  did  acquiiint  us  (and  the  king  did 
the  like  also,  afterwards  coming  in)  with  his  resolution  of 
altering  the  manner  of  the  war  this  year ;  that  is,  we 
shall  keep  what  fleet  we  have  abroad  in  several  squad- 
rons ;  so  that  now  all  is  come  out,  but  we  are  to  keep  it 
as  close  as  we  can.  .  .  .  Great  preparations  there  are  to 
fortify  Sheerenesse  and  the  yard  at  Portsmouth  ...  we 
have  some  fear  of  invasion  :  and  the  Duke  of  York  him- 
self did  declare  his  expectatiuu  of  the  enemy's  blocking 
us  up  here  in  the  lliver,"  etc. 

When  tlie  Duke  of  York  inspected  the  fortifica- 
tions at  Sheerness  about  the  middle  of  March, 
the  Haarlem  (iazette  announced  it  in  a  few  days 
(Pepys,  March  24).  In  the  instructions  given 
by  the  States  General,  it  is  stated  that  the  Eng- 
lish would  not  have  a  force  sufficient  to  resist  them 

*  Evelyn  says  (p.  331),  edit.  F.  Warne  &  Co.,  that  Sir 
William  Coventry  was  principally  responsible  for  this 
decision. 


t 


J/ 


on  the  sea,  and  tlierefore  they  wish  to  undertake 
an  enterprise  against  their  ports.* 

The  Swedisli  ambassadors  acting  as  mediators 
arrived  in  HoHand  on  the  20th  of  May.  De  Ruy  ter 
put  to  sea  on  the  6th  of  June  from  the  Texel.  He 
directed  his  course  down  the  coast,  collecting  the 
ships  as  he  went  Ofi"  Schooneveldt,  on  the 
13th,  his  fleet  amounted  to  71  men-of-war  and 
frigates  (Brandt).  He  divided  his  force  into  three 
squadrons.  The  first  was  commanded  by  himself, 
the  second  by  Lieut.-Admiral  van  Nes,  the  third 
by  Lieut.- Admirals  van  Gent  and  Meppel 

The  plan  adopted  was  to  send  17  of  the  lightest 
men-of-war  and  frigates,  with  five  yachts,  galiots 
and  long  boats  up  the  Thames  to  take  some  10 
frigates  andiJ20  ships  engaged  in  the  Barbadoes 
trade,  which  were  lying  between  Gravesend  and 
Thames  Haven.  This  matter  was  entrusted  to 
van  Gent,  who  had  1000  troops  given  him,  and 
was  accompanied  by  Burgomaster  de  Witt,  brother 
of  the  Grand  Pensionary. 

Preparations  were  made  at  the  same  time  to 
explore  the  Medway,  taking  soundings  as  far  as 
Kochester,  and  for  examining  the  fort.  Van 
Gent   accordingly  made  a  dash  up  the  Thames 

♦  Brandt,  pp.  108,  109 ;  Looman,  pp.  232,  233. 


Hi 


'mmm 


152 


LIFE   OF   DE   IlUYiER. 


AT   THE   SUMMIT. 


153 


on  the  19th  of  June,  but  missed  liis  intended 
prizes,  which  slipped  up  the  river  before  liim. 
He  anchored  for  the  niglit  midway  between  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames  and  Gravesend,  and  acting 
on  the  old  Dutch  proverb,  *'  It  is  useless  to  fill  up 
the  well  wlien  the  calf  is  drowned,"  he  came  down 
witliout  delay  next  morn  in  j^.* 

The  fort  at  Sheeriii'ss  \vms  now  bombarded  for 
an  hour  and  a  quarter,  and  800  troops  were 
landed,  when  the  Dutch  tri-colour  triumphantly 
replaced  the  Eno;lish  flag.  Fifteen  cannon,  a 
great  number  of  masts,  yards,  and  munitions  of 
war  were  found  in  the  fort,  which  was  now 
destroyed.  It  is  estimated  that  the  loss  of 
materiel  to  England  was  about  400,000  Hvres 
(Life  of  0.  van  Tromp). 

Vessels  were  now  sent  u})  the  Medway  to 
reconnoitre,  but  sailors  were  forbidden  to  land. 
De  lUiyter  with  the  remainder  of  the  fleet  soon 
arrived.  The  belated  Fries  division  having  been 
brought  up  by  Lieut.-Admiral  Ayala ;  de  Witt, 
wlio  had  preceded  de  Ruy ter,  and  had  advanced  as 
far  as  Chatham,  sent  for  him  to  come  up.  This 
lie  immediately  did,  and  in  a  rowing  boat  went  to 
the  front  of  his  vessels.     There  lie  saw  the  four 

*  Lediard,  July  lOtli. 


!f' 


fireships   which   the   English   had   sunk   in   the 
stream,  the  six  men-of-war   near  Upnor  Castle, 
and  the  great  chain  fastened  across  the  Medway. 
He  could  not  know  what  a  state  of  confusion  the 
defence  was  in,  owing  to  the  negligence   of  the 
Admiralty,  as  Albemarle  who  had  just  been  sent 
down  reported— the  ships  sunk  in  places  where 
they  were  useless,  others  not  taken  away  which 
could  have  been  saved,  the  absence  of  gunners 
and  workmen.     The  cannonade  had  been  briskly 
carried   on   before  de  Ruyter  arrived,  and  now 
Captain  van  Braakel,  who  was  under   arrest  for 
having  landed  his  sailors  against  orders,  asked 
to  be   allowed  to  force  his  way  up   the   river. 
Permission  being   given,  he  burst   through   the 
surrounding  hulks,  and,  reserving   his   fire   till 
close  up  to  the  Jonathan  frigate,  he  made  himself 
master  of  it  immediately.     He  was  closely  followed 
by  van  Rhyn,  who  snapped  the  chain  and  cap- 
tured the  Matthias,  which  he  at  once  burnt.     The 
amrles  V.  was  next  destroyed,  and  then  occurred 
the  one  act  of  heroic  patriotism  which  is  associ- 
ated with  the  English  part  of  that  day's  struggle. 
When  all  his  men  had  left  the  burning  vessel, 
Captain  Douglas  was  seen  alone,  calmly  remain- 
ino-  among  the  flames  of  his  command.     Asked 


154 


r  rcc     AC     Til?     DnVTCT* 


Ill 


to  come  off,  lie  answered  that  his  family  never 
left  the  place  of  duty,  and  was  consumed  witli  tlie 
ship. 

The  famous  Royal  Charles  of  82  guns,  deserted 
by  the  small  portion  of  her  crew  left  on  board, 
was  taken,  and  the  Fort  van  Hootiingen  burnt. 
The  next  day,  June  23rd,  it  was  decided  to 
pass  Upnor  Castle  and  burn  the  large  vessels 
which  lay  above  it.  Five  fireships  whicli  had 
been  sent  for  arrived  at  nine  in  the  morning. 
They  were  taken  up  to  the  castle,  on  which  tlie 
Dutch  opened  a  hot  fire,  and  were  tlience  directed 
against  the  doomed  warships.  De  Euyter  and 
de  Witt,  witli  boyish  daring,  jumped  into  a 
rowing-boat  and  directed  the  proceedings.  The 
St.  J(nH'<.  82  g\ms,  Eofird  Off  k,  76^  Lot/al  London, 
!)0,   the    pick    of  the    Ikitisii    navy,*   were   all 

■  "  Evelyn's  Diary  '  (edit.  F.  VVanie  and  Co.,  p.  330),28tli 
Juno :  "  I  went  to  Chatham,  and  thence  to  view  not  only 
what  misohieife  the  Dutch  had  don,  but  how  triumphantly 
their  whole  fleete  lay  in  tlie  Thames,  all  from  the  North 
Foreland,  IMargate,  even  to  the  buoy  of  the  Nore,  a  dreadfull 
spectacle  as  ever  Englishmen  saw,  ancl  a  dishonour  never  to 
be  wiped  off!  Those  who  advised  his  Majesty  to  prepare  no 
fleete  this  spring,  deservM  I  know  what,  but 

"  Here  in  the  river  off  Chatham,  just  before  the  towue 
lay  the  carkass  of  the  London  (now  the  third  time  Iwrnt), 
the  Eojjal  Oahe,  the  James^  etc.,  yet  smoking;  and   now. 


po^^^#?w^^WiwP^'^ 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


155 


consumed.  Tlie  Monmo^ith,  which  lay  near  them, 
escaped  up  stream.  This  blow  to  the  naval 
supremacy  of  England  cost  only  50  lives  to  her 

enemies. 

But  for  the  arrival  of  Monk,  the  disaster  would 
have  extended  still  further.  His  historian  (J. 
Corbet)  says  with  pride  that  he  "saved  the 
dockyard  and  two-thirds  of  the  fleet.  .  .  .  ihey 
(the  butch)  now  found  to  their  cost  that  they  had 
no  longer  the  Board  of  Admiralty  to  deal  with." 

De  Ruyter's  coup  had  succeeded  as  far  as  the 
destruction  of  the  men-of-war  was  concerned, 
probably  beyond  his  expectations,  but  otherwise 

when  the  mischiefe  was  don,  we  were  making  trifling  forts 
on  the  brink  of  the  Kiver. 

Page  331,  29th  July:  "I  went  to  Gravesend,  the  Dutch 
fleete  stUl  at  anker  before  the  river,  where  I  saw  five  of  his 
Majesty's  men-of-war  encounter  above  20  of  the  Dutch  in 
the  bottom  of  the  Hope,  chaceing  them  with  many  broad- 
sides given  and  returning  to  the  buoy  of  the  Nore,  where 
the  body  of  their  fleete  lay,  which  lasted  till  about  midnight. 
One  of  their  ships  was  fir'd  supposed  by  themselves,  she 
being  run  on  ground.  Having  seene  this  bold  action  and 
their  braving  us  so  far  up  the  river,  I  went  home  the  next 
day,  not  without  indignation  at  our  negligence  and  the 
nation's  reproach.  'Tis  well  known  who  of  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Treasury  gave  advice  that  the  charge  of 
setting  for  the  fleete  this  yeare  might  be  spar'd,  Sir  W  C. 
(Will  Coventrie)  by  name." 


i 


15G 


LIFE   OF  DE   KUYTER. 


\h  1 


rifML. 


he  must  have  known  fully  beforehand  that  the 
mouths  of  the  Tliames  and  the  Medway  lay  open 
to  him.  London  was  indeed  in  a  tremor  when 
tlje  Dutch  cannon  was  so  distinctly  heard  in  the 
two  rivers,  but  it  cannot  be  too  clearly  stated, 
m  the  face  of  tlie  modern  very  general  assump- 
tion abroad  to  the  contrary,  that  the  blockade, 
with  many  of  its  concomitant  evils,  was  fidhj 
expected. 

Another  fact  which  it  is  equally  the  duty  of 
the  historian  to  lay  stress  upon,  is  the  excellent 
conduct  of  tlie  Dutch  soldier  on  English  ground, 
when  the  barbarities  of  our  treatment  of  the 
Dutch  at  the  Vlie,  under  the  malign  influence  of 
Holmes,  were  so  fresh  in  the  memory  of  every 
Hollander. 

It  is  well  for  us  to  remember,  in  our  national 
jubilation  over  nineteenth-century  humanity,  that 
the  sensibility  of  the  Dutch  commander,  and  the 
discipline  of  his  commonest  soldier,  was  such  in 
1(JG7,  that  the  Kentish  villagers  could  only  regret 
that  the  invasion  was  over,  when  within  the  same 
month  the  English  soldier,  passing  through  the 
same  districts,  plundered  them  to  his  heart's 
content,  and  left  a  terrible  memory  in  tlie  path 
he  traversed. 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


157 


"  Pepys'  Diary"  (edit.  AY.  W.  Gibbings,  p.  411),  June  30th  : 
.  .  .  "Thence  by  barge,  it  raining  hard,  down  to  the 
chaine,  and  in  our  way  did  see  the  sad  wrackes  of  the  poor 
Boyall  Oake,  James,  and  London,  and  several  other  of  our 
ships  by  us  sunk,  and  several  of  the  enemy's,  whereof  three 
men-of-war  that  they  could  not  get  oflf,  and  so  burned. 


* 


"  So  to  the  chaine,  and  there  saw  it  fast  at  the  end  on 
Upner  side  of  the  Kiver,  very  fast,  and  borne  up  upon  the 
several  stages  across  the  River ;  and  where  it  is  broke  nobody 
can  tell  me,  .  •  .  Caused  the  link  to  be  measured,  and  it  was 
six  inches  and  one-fourth  in  circumference.  It  seems  very 
remarkable  to  me  and  of  great  honour  to  the  Dutch,  that  those 
of  them  that  did  go  on  shore  to  Gillingham,  though  they 
went  in  fear  of  their  lives,  and  were  some  of  them  killed, 
and  notwithstanding  their  provocation  at  Scelling,  yet  killed 
none  of  our  people  nor  plundered  their  houses,  but  did  take 
some  things  of  easy  carriage  and  left  the  rest,  and  not  a  house 
burned ;  and  which  is  to  our  eternal  disgrace,  that  what  my 
Lord  Douglas's  men,  who  came  after  them,  found  there,  they 
plundered  and  took  all  away ;  and  the  watermen  that  carried 
us  did  further  tell  us,  that  our  own  soldiers  are  far  more 
terrible  to  those  people  of  the  country  towns  than  the  Dutch 
themselves." 

The  actual  damage  done  to  this  country  by 
the  expedition,  from  beginning  to  end,  beyond 
the  insult  to  the  flag,  did  not  compare  with  tha 
£1,100,000  odd  lost  to  Holland  by  Holmes's 
descent  on  their  coast. 

The  day  after  the  destruction  of  the  ships,  th^ 
Dutch  went  down   the  Medway— van  Gent  was 


■»■■  :  ^<jf*ii"i.rP«''-yi>ja5'<w»sS'jg«-J 


1. 


HI 


158 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


sent  to  the  Feroe  Isles — and  Evertszoon,  with  the 
two  prizes,  the  Iloyal  Charh'S  and  the  Jonathan^ 
sailed  for  Holland.  ^V  descent  was  made  on  the 
Isle  of  rilicppey,  but  the  marcli  to  Gravesend  was 
n<jt  executed,  nor  was  a  projected  excursion  up 
the  Thames  in  tlie  beginning  of  July  more 
successful,  Bankert  not  getting  above  Gravesend, 
An  attack  on  the  Landguard  Fort,  near  Harwich, 
was  attempted,  1600  (or  1000)  troops  and  400 
sailors  being  landed,  and  an  assault  delivered 
under  cover  of  a  brisk  cannonade  by  Evertszoon's 
vessels.  It  failed,  however,  partly  owing  to  the 
ships  not  being  able  to  get  close  enough  in. 

The  negotiations  for  peace  had  now  progressed 
to  an  agreement,  but  the  English  plenipotentiaries 
being  compelled  to  return  to  England  for  the 
king  s  consent  to  the  conclusion  of  the  arrange- 
ment, de  Ruyter  was  instructed  by  the  States 
General  to  continue  hostilities  until  further  notice. 
He  accordingly  divided  his  fleet  into  two  separate 
squadrons,  and  came  down  the  Channel,  appearing 
off  Dartmouth,  Plymouth,  etc.  Early  in  August, 
van  Nes  entered  the  Thames  and  encountered 
Sir  E.  Spragge,  with  the  result  that  he  returned  to 
the  mouth  of  the  river. 

At    the   end    of   the    month,   de    Euyter  off 


1 


-; 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


159 


Mountsbay  received  definite  news  of  the  ratifica- 
tion of  the  Treaty  of  Breda  on  the  24th  of  August, 
and  he  leisurely  returned  to  Goree  and  Helvoet- 
sluis,  where  he  landed  on  the  15th  of  October. 
Throughout  the  Seven  Provinces  the  rejoicings 
were  great,  and  the  feeling  of  thankfulness  to 
de  Ruyter  was  general  and  sincere.  Again  the 
poets  poured  forth  his  praises  in  triumphant  verse, 
and,  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Republic,  all  Europe 
was  ringing  with  his  name.     Vondel  sings — 

*'  Hence  througli  the  Thames,  bursts  Holland's  sail, 
Proudly  there  the  Britons*  land 
By  the  strong  iron  chain  is  spanned. 
But  what  can  iron  chain  avail, 
When  the  Batavian  lion's  roar 
Spreads  fear  of  death  from  shore  to  shore  ? 
His  wrath  the  steel  to  rags  doth  rive, 
Towers  o'erthrows  along  each  strand, 
Ships,  his  glance  like  fiery  brand 
Consumes !  what  hope  with  him  to  strive  ?  " 

The  son  of  the  beer-carrier  of  Flushing,  the  little 
cabin  boy  of  forty-nine  years  back,  had  become  one 
of  the  very  greatest  men  of  his  time,  and  the  more 
truly  great  because  he  retained  the  same  simple 
character  and  tastes  as  in  that  earlier  day. 

He   had  terminated   the   war  with  a  success 
which  was  comprehensible  to  every  one,  and  he 


":il!f"*"!!?*:1!r 


■A^riAi^ksat— 


H 


It 


I 


160 


LIFE  OF  I)E  RUYTEE. 


had  carried  out  its  details  on  a  principle  not 
accepted  before,*  tliough  from  his  time  carefully 
followed,  viz.  that  a  naval  war  is  a  war  for  the 
command  of  the  sea.  That  command  obtained, 
all  other  desirable  ends  must  follow. 

The  Treaty  of  Breda  o:ave  to  each  of  tlie 
contracting  parties  tlie  territories  abroad  wliich 
they  liad  held  before  the  war,  except  that  England 
retained  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Surinam, 
which  Holland  had  lost,  was  given  back  to  her.f 
The  Navigation  Act  was  modified  to  allow  the 
Dutch  merchantmen  to  carry  Dutch  products,  and 
German  and  Netherland  merchandise  to  England. 
The  salute  to  v^^^^ls  of  war  only,  as  an  act  of 
politeness,  was  insisted  upon.  The  commercial 
terms  of  the  treaty  of  1662  were  re-established. 

♦  See  ColomVs  "  Naval  Warfare." 
t  Hatl  Surinain  remained  British,  it  is  hardly  likely  that 
we  should  have  at  this  moment  a  Venezuelan  question  on 
our  hands.  A  larger  English  settlement  there,  and  New 
York  Dutch,  sugi;e8t8  tliat  a  Monroe  doctrine  might  have 
emanated  from  South  America  and  might  at  this  moment  he 
warning  us  off  the  Dutch  Hudson.  By  the  marriage  in  18G8 
of  Miss  Fish,  daughter  of  the  late  lion.  Hamilton  Fish, 
Secretary  of  State,  Washington,  U.S.,  to  Col.  Samuel  Nicholls- 
Benjamin,  the  lineal  descendants  of  Captain  Nicholls,  the 
conqueror  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  of  Governor  Stuyvesant 
(the  last  Dutcli  Govoiuui;  were  united. 


I 


AT  THE  SUMMIT. 


161 


It  remains  to  deal  witli  France.  Louis,  whose 
fleet,  constantly  promised,  had  always  remained 
away  from  the  scene  of  action,  and  had  done 
nothing  for  the  Dutch,  had  begun  an  invasion  of 
the  Spanish  Netherlands.  The  time  had  not 
come  for  him  to  declare  his  intentions  respecting 
Holland,  but  the  state  the  English  navy  had  got 
into  was  to  be  an  opportunity  for  him  to  throw 
the  promise  of  his  fleet  into  the  other  scale,  and, 
as  in  the  recent  war,  to  reduce  it  to  the  condition 
of  a  spectator. 

Admiral  Colomb,  whose  "  Naval  Warfare  "  has 
thrown  such  powerful  light  on  the  first  and 
second  wars,  sa,s  of  them- 

"  lu  both  wars  the  English  had,  on  the  whole,  the  best 
of  it,  and  the  Butch,  on  the  whole,  the  worst  of  it,  and 
things  at  the  end  of  the  second  war  remained  so  much  as 
they  had  been  at  the  beginning  of  it — the  raid  on  the 
Medway  and  Thames  being  quite  understood  on  both 
sides  to  have  been  deliberately  courted  by  the  English, 
that  the  third  Dutcli  war  was  laid  out  on  the  same 
principles  as  the  second"  ("Naval  Warfare,"  ch.  iv.). 

That  England,  after  having  begun  and  carried 
on  this  war,  on  the  whole,  in  a  successful  manner, 
should  then  have  relinquished  the  defence  of  both 
her  commerce  and  her  coasts,  should,  in  fact,  have 

M 


\ 


u  m 


IG 


1 


LIFE  OF   DE   RUYTEK. 


(     163     ) 


voluntarily  placed  herself  in  an  tmpi^epared 
position  wlien  in  the  midst  of  the  strtiggle, 
stamps  it  with  a  feature  from  which  all  other 
English  wars  have  been  (by  comparison  witli  the 
magnitude  of  the  mistake  on  this  occasion)  notably 
free. 

That  the  primary  fault  rests  with  Charles  II*  is 
undoubted,  for  though  his  council,  or  Sir  William 
Coventry,  may  have  advised  him  not  to  ask  the 
country  for  more  money,  they  probably  felt 
tliemselves  compelled  to  consider  that  the  demands 
which  had  been  made  time  and  again,  for  the 
people's  money  to  furnish  forth  the  pleasures  of 
the  king,  had  drained  their  resources  to  a 
dangerous  extent.  The  object-lesson  of  a  state 
of  culpable  unpreparedness  is  one  which  may 
be  commended  to  the  consideration  of  all  who 
are  responsible  for  a  nation's  defence  at  the 
present  day. 

*  The  king's  management  of  his  navy  recalls  the  sarcastic 
Dutch  saying,  "  The  best  sailors  are  always  those  who  stand 
on  the  shore." 


''  The  Good  Father  "  of  the  Fleet. 

De  Ruyter,  released  from  the  cares  of  war,  now 
returned  to  his  house  in  Amsterdam,  situated  in 
the  Isle  of  Waals,  on  the  banks  of  the  Y,  where 
he  lived  quietly  for  three  years. 

The  appearance  of  his  home  and  the  style 
of  living  was  that  of  an  ordinary  merchant  of 
Amsterdam.  In  his  manner  he  was  as  modest 
and  unpretentious  now  as  at  any  time  of  his  life, 
always  going  about  on  foot,  and  being  perfectly 
free  of  access.  It  was  thus  that  Temple  saw 
de  Euyter,  and  he  describes  his  clothes  as  similar 
to  those  of  any  ordinary  sea  captain,  adding  that 
he  went  with  only  one  attendant,  and  never  in 
a  coach.  "  And,  in  his  own  house,  neither  wae 
the  size,  building,  furniture,  or  entertainment  at 
all  exceeding  the  use  of  every  common  merchant 
and  tradesman  in  his  town."  The  account  con- 
cludes with  a  pleasant  companion  picture  of  de 
"Witt's  simple  life.     If  the  life  of  the  rich  Dutch 


1. 


1G4 


LIFE   OF   DE   EUYTEPw 


<i 


THE  GOOD  FATHER"   OF  THE  FLEET.       165 


merchant  of  those  clnys  was  a  quiet,  and  even 
a  solemn  one,*  his  home  surroundings  were  often 
particularly  good  in  certain  respects,  and  excellent 
furniture,  china,  and  silver  filled  the  reception 
rooms,  on  the  walls  of  which  hung  the  great 
works  of  art  of  the  Dutch  school.  At  a  later 
period  in  our  hero's  life,  we  are  able  to  obtain 
a  clearer  view  of  his  home  and  its  contents. 

De  Ruyter  spent  much  of  his  time  in  listening 
to  the  sermons  of  the  preachers  in  the  churches 
during  the  week,  as  well  as  on  Sundays,  the 
religious  element  in  liis  character  coming  into 
prominence    wherever     there    was    opportunity. 

*  Thoiigli  Sir  William  Temple  helped  to  smootli  tlio  way 
to  reconciliation  between  England  and  Holland,  and  had 
a  "Teat  admiration  for  eminent  Dutchmen,  he  was  perliaps 
too  much  influenced  by  the  court  life  of  his  age  to  form  a 
perfectly  unprejudiced  opinion  of  manners  in  Holland  at 
this  period,  but  the  views  of  such  an  amiable  and  intelligent 
witness  cannot  fairly  be  omitted  here.  His  "Observations 
upon  the  United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands,"  edition 
1747,  says  (p.  129),  that  it  is  a  place  where  the  "Earth 
is  better  than  the  Air,  and  Profit  more  in  request  than 
Honour;  where  there  is  more  Sense  than  Wit,  more  Good- 
nature than  Good-humour,  and  more  Wealth  than  Pleasure  ; 
Where  a  Man  would  chuse  ratlier  to  travel  than  live,  shall 
find  more  Things  to  observe  tiian  desire,  and  more  Persons 
to  esteem  than  to  love."  Page  143,  he  says,  "more  Shipping 
belongs  to  them  than  there  does  to  all  the  rest  of  Europe." 


1 1 


< 


He  would  sit  for  hours,  says  Brandt,  reading 
the  Bible  to  his  wife  and  a  niece  while  they 
worked,  or  would  exercise  his  voice  in  sinffinfr. 

His  food  was  of  the  simplest,  and  of  the  kind 
to  which  he  was  accustomed  on  his  voyages.  At 
festivals  and  public  functions  his  sobriety,  while 
it  did  not  take  from  his  cheerful  good-fellowship, 
was  marked  at  a  period  when  licence  even  in 
Holland  was  not  uncommon.* 

In  1G68  Engel  de  Ruyter,  only  19  years  of 
age,  was  made  captain  under  the  Admiralty  of 
Amsterdam.  His  frigate  being  sent  to  England, 
Engel  was  received  with  the  greatest  kindness 
by  the  Court,  Charles  conferring  a  knighthood 
on  him  in  honour  of  Ws  father's  abilities,  and 
Albemarle  being  one  of  the  foremost  to  shower 
courtesies  upon  the  boy-captain. 

Next  year  it  is  the  King  of  Denmark  who  sees 
his  opportunity  to  remember  de  Euyter  by  a 
request   for  his  portrait,  and  in  1670  the  King 

♦  Van  Lennep,  in  one  of  his  celebrated  novels  treating 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  viz.  "  Ferdinand  Huyck  "  (appa- 
rently not  yet  translated),  puts  into  the  mouth  of  an  old 
lady  of  high  position  in  Amsterdam  the  remark,  "  My  father 
used  to  tell  me  that  Admiral  de  Ivuyter,  although  of  low 
origin,  behaved  in  a  perfectly  well-bred  manner,  and  was 
an  enemy  of  swearing  and  drinking"  (p.  276). 


■■■;?; :';';;:^;jv..i,'^.H^.,  -.^f:':  ..■■■t^:\.\. ... , 


I 


I 


IGG 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


of  Sweden  competes  with  rival  kings  in  honouring 
him  by  ennobling  his  stepson  Captain  Pauluszoon. 
In  this  last-named  year  the  two  royal  rascals 
of  England  and  France  were  again  plotting 
against  the  freedom  of  the  United  Provinces,  and 
what  is  now  described  as  "tail  twisting"  began 
(the  Dutcli  lion  having  two  tufts  to  one  tail,  it 
was  doubly  interesting  to  them). 

Louis,  the  more  important  of  the  two  kings, 
by  reason  of  the  riches  and  population  of  his 
realm,  and  of  his  own  higher  abilities,  had  been 
frustrated  in  his  aggressive  designs  on  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  by  the  triple  alliance  of  England, 
Sweden,  and  Holland. 

At  the  end  of  the  year  1G70,  the  States  General 
learnt  that  Louis  and  an  army  were  to  be  very 
shortly  at  Dunkirk.  The  explanations  made  to 
their  ambassador  being  of  an  unsatisfactory  nature, 
it  was  resolved  on  the  2nd  of  January,  1671,  to 
forbid  the  importation  of  French  manufactures 
into  the  Seven  Provinces.  This  preventive  action 
was  followed  up  by  a  decision  to  commission  a 
large  fleet  during  the  summer  under  de  Ruyter. 

De  Ruyter  accordingly  repaired  to  Helvoetsluis 
in  May,  where  he  received  very  precise  instruc- 
tions as  to  his  duties  as  guardian  of  the  coast. 


€t 


THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OP  THE  FLEET.   167 


Here  the  Eear-Admiral  Adelaar  of  Denmark 
came  to  serve  under  him  as  an  apprentice,  by 
special  request  from  his  king. 

The  Dutch  fleet  was  kept  in  readiness  for  an 
attack,  and  was  exercised  in  evolutions  and  sham 
fights,  by  the  lieut.-admiral.  An  international 
incident  was  soon  to  follow. 

The  English  royal  yacht  Merlin  passing  along 
the  coast,  saluted  the  squadron  of  van  Gent  with 
several  volleys,  to  which  a  reply  of  seven  was 
made,  and  then  nine.  But  the  Merlin  claimed 
that  the  flag  should  have  been  lowered.  This 
was  refused,  owing  to  the  vessels  being  on  the 
Dutch  coast.  The  discussion,  once  aroused,  was 
not  allowed  to  drop  by  the  English  monarch, 
and  had  already  been  actively  carried  on,  when 
Downing  was  sent  from  England  to  demand 
satisfaction  and  the  punishment  of  van  Gent. 
The  States  General  denied  that  the  English  demand 
had  any  justification  under  the  existing  treaty, 
but  eventually  proposed  as  a  mark  of  their  respect 
for  the  King  of  England,  that  their  fleets  should 
lower  the  flag  to  a  single  English  man-of-war 
without  their  action  being  considered  as  an 
agreement  in  any  way  prejudicial  to  navigation. 
Downing  refused  to  accept  this  proposal  as  being 
made  too  late. 


~       ■is!9"«^» 


ti<Jtihji  .'  -     lit     <"^ij  • 


[  J^iujg  *r.'  w^<mlt^.^^^htoi>' 


168 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


\P 


i  1 


Negotiations  dragged  on  it  suited  the  con- 
venience of  the  two  monarchs — who  had  made 
a  secret  treaty  in  the  year  1670  which  entirely 
upset  the  provisions  of  the  Triple  Alliance  * — 
furnished  Charles  with  a  large  annual  subsidy, 
and  ensured  his  employing  a  small  body  of  troops 
in  the  service  of  Louis,  and  placing  his  fleet  at 
his  disposal  in  the  war  against  Holland  which 
was  to  follow. 

A  new  move  was  made  by  the  States  General 
in  appointing  the  Prince  of  Orange  (whose  power 
had  been  gradually  rising)  Captain-General  of 
their  land  forces,  a  position  he  claimed  as  his 
hereditary  right.^ 

At  de  Ruyter's  suggestion,  the  preparation  of 
the  frigates  and  firesliips  was  pressed  forward 
more  speedily  than  the  equipment  of  the  men-of- 
war,  and  they  were  posted  as  guard-ships  for  the 
commerce  on  the  coast.  Before  England  enacted 
the  farce  of  declaring  war,  tlie  notorious  Holmes 
was  sent  to  attack  the  Smyrna  fleet,  as  it  returned 
up   the   Channel.     Holmes   succeeded    in   taking 

*  Macaiilay,  echoing  Pepys,  calls  the  Triple  Alliance  "the 
single  eminently  good  act  performed  by  the  Government 
during  the  interval  between  the  RestoTation  and  the  Kevolu- 

tion."     Essay  un  k>ir  \Vm.  TeuipiL-. 


f 


i 


V 


"THE   GOOD   FATHER"    OF   THE   FLEET.        1G9 

four  ships  off  the  Isle  of  Wight  on  the  23rd  of 
March,  and  on  the  7th  of  April  war  was  actually 
declared. 

Several  vessels  liad  been  seized  by  England  in 
her  ports,  and  Holland  responded  by  taking  some 
English  vessels.  De  Euyter  was  once  more 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Navy,  and 
Cornells  de  Witt  was  instructed  to  go  with  him 
as  commissioner.  They  were  to  put  to  sea  on 
the  27th  of  April  at  the  Ylie,  but  contrary  winds 
prevented  them,  and  it  was  the  9th  of  May  before 
they  were  able  to  sail  from  the  Texel.  Their 
instructions  were  to  search  for  the  English  fleet 
in  the  Thames  and  elsewhere,  and  to  destroy  it ; 
but  if  the  English  and  French  fleets  were  found 
united,  great  caution  was  to  be  exercised  in 
attacking  them.  News  was  received  of  the 
English  fleet  on  the  13th  of  May,  as  having  been 
seen  near  the  Thames.*  The  Dutch  were  not 
able  to  sail  till  the  next  day  on  account  of  the 
wind.  Thick  fog  caused  them  to  anchor  for  the 
night,  six  leagues  off  the  North  Foreland,  where 
they  took  an  English  frigate,  and  arrived  at  the 
conclusion  that  the  English  fleet  was  in  the 
Downs.     It  was  accordingly  followed,  but  effected 

*  For  estimate  of  size  of  Euglisli  navy,  see  Appendix  IV. 


Tss:-- 


^>S^^'-  •'•  Aj,"„ 


Ifl 


170 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUyXEE, 


II! 


a  junction  with  the  Frencli  fleet  near  the  Isle  of 
Wight.  A  tempest  overtook  the  Dutch,  and 
not  wishing  to  meet  the  allied  fleet,  they  sailed 
back  past  the  North  Foreland,  receiving  con- 
siderable additions.  When  near  the  Galloper 
sandbank,  several  English  ships  were  seen  off 
the  Thames,  and  van  Gent  was  sent  in  pursuit, 
but  they  sheltered  under  the  guns  of  Sheerness. 
Continuing  to  cruise  opposite  the  entrance  to  the 
Thames,  information  came  to  hand  that  the 
English  fleet  was  passing  between  the  Goodwins 
and  Dunkirk. 

De  Ruyter  ofiered  battle,  which  was  declined, 
and  he  continued  cruising  between  Dunkirk  and 
the  North  Foreland,  receiving  reinforcements  and 
re- victualling.  His  fleet  now  amounted  to  91 
men-of-war  and  frigates,  and  54  fireships,  ac- 
cording to  Brandt,  when  he  received  news  of 
the  English  and  French  being  off  Southwold,  or 
Solebay,  between  Harwich  and  Yarmouth,  and 
decided  to  bring  on  an  engagement.  The  follow- 
ing day,  June  7th  (Lediard,  May  28tli,  O.S.),  at 
five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  he  caught  sight  of 
the  allied  fleet  anchored  near  the  coast,  in  three 
divisions :  the  Blue,  commanded  by  the  Earl  of 
Sandwich,  being  to  the  north;  the  Bed,  under 


i 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   171 

the  Duke  of  York,  in  the  centre,  and  the  "White, 
consisting  of  the  French  fleet,  under  d'Estrees, 
to  the  south.*  Their  numbers  were  65  English 
and  36  French  men-of-war  frigates,  and  22  fire- 
ships. 

The  wind  was  Mowing  on  the  shore  from  about 
E.N.E.,   and  de  Ruyter  forming  bis  line  with 
ships  abreast,  bore  down  upon  the  allies.     He 
commanded  the  centre  himself,  van  Gent  had 
the   right,  and  Bankert  the   left.     Before  each 
division  in  the  squadrons  he  placed  two  men-of- 
war,  with  two  fireships,  with  instructions  to  send 
in  the  fireships  as  soon  as  the  cannonade  became 
general.    The  battle  began  between  seven  and 
eight  a.m.    The  allies  who  were  taken  by  surprise, 
cut  cables,  and  the  English  divisions  went  on  the 
starboard  tack,  along  the  coast  northward,  Sand- 
wich being  one  of  the  first  to  engage.   The  French 
immediately  went  south,  and  remained  during 
the  rest  of  the  day  aloof,  but  Bankert,  with  a 
portion  of  the  Dutch  left,  cut  off  two  of  their 

•  De  Jonge,  "Geschiedenis  Tan  het  Nedorlandsch  Zee- 
wezen."  vol.  iii.  stuk.  1,  page  407,  says,  "Dutch:  61  war- 
ships U  frigatee,  22  advice,  36  fire,  4484  guns,  20,738  men. 
English:  45  warships,  12  frigates,  16  fire,  3376  guns,  22,442 
men.  French :  26  warships,  4  frigates,  8  fire,  1724  guns, 
10,744  men." 


172 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


,  TRi 


ships.  The  result  of  this  was,  that  the  two 
English  squadrnTw  had  to  rt'i)el  the  concentration 
of  the  entire  Dutch  fleet,  with  the  exception  of 
those  ship^  recjuiied  to  contain  the  French.  De 
Ruyter,  at  the  first  pass,  brought  liis  ship  along- 
side of  tlie  I )uke  of  York's  vessel,  and  a  terrific 
duel  ensued,  the  consequence  being,  that  at  nine 
o'clock,  the  duke's  mainmast  went,  and  he 
changed  his  ship  for  the  London.  The  Dutch 
tacked  and  went  N.N.W.,  with  the  English 
getting  nearer  in  shore,  then  all  tacked  again 
coming  south,  the  English  trying  to  get  the 
wind.  TliC  })rincipal  concentration  w^as  on  the 
English  Eed  squadron,  and  some  of  Sandwich's 
vessels  seem  to  liave  left  him  very  early  in  order 
to  assist  tlie  Duke  of  York.  Sandwich's  ship,  the 
JRoyal  James,  of  100  guns,  carrying  800  men, 
was  gallantly  attacked  by  Braakel,  with  a  GO-gun 
ship  and  crew  of  300,  who  grappled  the  big 
Englishman  ;  three  fireships  sent  against  Sandwich 
w^ere  successively  sunk  by  him,  and  his  fire  killed 
Lieut.- Admiral  van  Gent,  but  shortly  after  he  had 
mastered  the  upper  deck  of  Braakel,  and  cast  Mm 
off  with  three  English  sailors  on  board,  a  fourth 
fireship  was  successful,  and  the  Eoi/al  James  was 
in  a  wild  blaze,  wliich  defied  the  efforts  of  her 


/   (■ 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   173 

crew.  Sandwich  himself  was  drowned,  leaving  his 
boat  at  the  last  moment.  His  captain  and  his  lieu- 
tenant  were  saved,  the  latter  being  taken  on  board 
de  Euyter's  vessel,  the  (Zeveu  Provincien)  Seven 
Provinces.  Tliere,  so  great  was  his  anxiety  for 
the  fate  of  the  English  fleet,  or  Ms  sportsman- 
like love  of  seeing  a  hard  struggle  well  fought 
out,  that  he  asked  de  Euyter  to  allow  him  to 
remain  on  deck  during  the  rest  of  the  day,  though 
he  knew  he  was  risking  his  life  in  doing  so. 

On  the  poop  of  the  Zeven  Provincien,  stood  a 
chair  of  State,  on  the  velvet  coverings  of  which 
the  arms  of  the  Netherlands  were  conspicuous, 
and  here,  as  on  a  throne,  Cornelis  de  Witt,  as 
commissioner,   represented    the   majesty   of   the 

States. 

He  was  in  very  ill  health  at  the  time,  but  he 
remained  at  his  post  of  danger  during  the  fight, 
and  as  several  of  the  soldiers,  who  in  the  red 
and  yellow  livery  of  Holland  formed  his  body- 
guard, were  shot  down,  he  ordered  the  bodies  to 
be  thrown  overboard,  without  any  manifestation 

of  emotion. 

Owing  to  van  Gent's  death,  a  portion  of  his 
squadron  held  off,  and  further  help  was  sent 
from  the  Blue  squadron  to  the  Red,  where  the 


.•■■■-  -.I  ■:Si*h*k'A.  Af^i-.ilS^'iiraa 


ia;faiiia,(i^ri)^\^-^A-iiSi&ai^^ 


ssi.r.. 


■'■Wf , 


174 


T  T1?T?     AT?     T\J?     T>TTV'n?l> 


JRoyal  Catherine  was  taken  by  the  Dutch.     Van 
Nes,   however,    immediately   after    the   capture, 
swung    loose    to    escape    an    English    fireship, 
the    Dutch    boarders   were    overcome,    and    the 
Engh'sh  crew  carried   the  Royal    Catlmine  out 
of  the  fight.     The  wind  had  fallen  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the   battle,  and,  never  strong,  it 
occasionally  dropped  away  altogether,  the  ships 
being  enveloped  in  the  dense  masses  of  smoke, 
through  whicli  the  fireships,  more  numerous  than 
in  the  other  battles  of  this   period,  flared  with 
almost  equal  danger  to  friend  and  foe.     A  large 
English  vessel  was  seen  in  flames.     Nine  or  ten 
Dutch  fireships  were  sinking ;  the  Joshua,  Dutch 
man-of-war,  sank,  and   another  of  de   Ruyter's 
vessels,  the  Staverai^  was  taken.     The  combina- 
tion of  the  Blue  and  Red  Squadrons  was  proving 
very  serious  to  the  Dutch  connnander,  who,  in 
going  south,  had  kept  the  wind,  and  hoped  for 
more   help  from   Bankert.     He  was  very  hotly 
engaged  with  Sir  John  Harman,  and  narrowly 
escaped    the    fireship   sent  against  him  in    the 
afternoon.     Greatly  assisted  though  he  was  by 
van  Nes,  and  again  joined  by  van  Gent's  squadron, 
at  the  end  of  the  day,  the  English,  being  again  on 
the  starboard  tack,  going  northwards,  pressed  him 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   175 

hard.    De  Ruyter,  collecting  his  scattered  ships,  re- 
tired to  the  south.*    So  ended  this  most  vigorously 
contested  of  sea  fights,  of  which  de  Ruyter  said 
he  had  been   in  many  battles,   but  had   never 
seen  one  so  terrible  and   so  obstinately  fought. 
Sandwich's  lieutenant,  when  supping  on  the  Seven 
Provinces  that  night,  said  of  de  Ruyter,  according 
to  Brandt,  who  had  it  from  one  of  the  officers 
present,  *'Yes,  he  is  an  admiral — an  admiral,  a 
captain,  a  pilot,  a  soldier,  a  sailor.     This  man, 
this  hero,  is  all  of  them  in  one ! "     The  Dutch 
claimed  a  victory,  but  as  they  had  attacked  and 
left  the  enemy  in  possession  of  the  field,  it  seems 
more  probable  that  the  victory,  such  as  it  was, 
lay  with  the  65  English  ships  which  had,  when 
deserted   by   their   allies,   repelled    all   day   the 
Hollanders'  attacks,  and  were  neither  approached 
again  that  night  nor  the  next  day.     The  English 
loss  was,  however,  four  or  five  ships,  as  claimed 
by  the  Dutch,  and  a  large  number  of  men,  while 
the  Dutch  only  admitted  losing  three  vessels. 

The  real  strategical  triumph,  however,  lay  with 
de  Ruyter,  as  Captain  Mahan  points  out,  because 
the  allied  fleets,  though  they  followed  the  Dutch, 

»  CoUiber,  whose  account  ("  Col.  Kostrata,"  pp.  217-224)  m 
very  interesting,  says  north 


Mtffewa»''Wtatrt.'! 


1^ 

fj 


17G 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEK, 


were  unable  to  force  a  landing  of  troops  on  the 
coast  of  Holland  as  at  first  intended. 

The  next  day  de  Kiiyter  saw  the  English  and 
French  about  three  1^ '^•^ues  north  of  him;  they 
had  the  wind,  Brandt  says,  and  seemed  to  wish 
to  avoid  a  combat,  but  he  admits  that  at  four  in 
the  afternoon  of  the  same  day,  both  fleets  seemed 
ready  to  engage,  when  a  fog  separated  them.  Two 
hours  later  they  w  ere  further  apart  again,  but  h© 
says  tlie  Dutch  tried  to  bring  on  a  fight  and  failed, 
because  the  allies  went  off. 

Next  day,  the  enemy  being  out  of  sight,  the 
Dutch  went  to  tlieir  own  coast  as  ammunition 
was  short  and  the  ships  greatly  damaged.  They 
therefore  anchored — when  again  the  allies  were 
seen  watching  them— and  finally  pushed  on  to 
four  leagues  N.N.E.  of  AVestcappeL*  There  they 
repaired  and  refitted,  and  a  small  squadron  of 
observation  was  sent  to  watch  the  allies'  move- 
ments. Cornells  de  Witt  soon  after  left  the  fleet 
in  ill  health.  He  found  the  country  in  a  state  of 
excitement  and  liimself  and  his  brother  the  objects 
of  general  resentment.  The  Grand  Pensionary 
had  indeed  narrowly  escaped  assassination  and  was 
.still  suffering  from  a  dangerous  wound.     Attacked 

*  Or  West  Kapelle. 


, 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   177 

on  all  sides — ^by  the  King  of  France  and  the 
Bishops  of  Cologne  and  Munster — the  armies  of 
the  Eepublic,  outnumbered  and  outgeneralled,  had 
been  driven  back  at  every  point,  until  the 
overwhelming  masses  of  their  enemies  already  in 
possession  of  numerous  fortresses  and  towns,  had 
advanced  as  far  as  Utrecht  and  Naarden.  Then, 
in  the  absence  of  friendly  support  from  any 
quarter,  the  Netherlanders  thought  of  the  sea,  and 
resolved  to  cut  the  dykes  and  open  the  sluices. 
The  friendly  element  from  which  their  country 
had  risen,  on  which  their  triumphs  and  their 
trade  had  eq[ually  grown,  was  called  upon,  in 
Holland's  last  resort ;  and  over  field  and  garden, 
through  the  low-lying  villages  and  belting  the 
more  elevated  towns,  the  unfettered  sea  rushed 
in,  "  a  waste  of  waters  uncontrolled."  Freedom 
was  to  be  preserved  only  by  great  sacrifices,  and 
the  threat  of  foreign  rule  was  swept  away  as  the 
country  was  concealed  under  the  rising  flood. 
For  three  days  the  sluices  were  opened,  and  the 
country  remained  under  water  for  two  years. 
But  the  army  must  be  reinforced,  and  to  do  this 
2000  men  were  taken  from  the  navy.  Among 
those  that  remained  there  was  a  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions.  By  July  the  3rd  the  fleet  at  Schooneveldt 

N 


''^^■^iM&3t»siy«g'-'-^'^ 


178 


LIFE  OF  DE    EUYTER. 


was  reduced  to  47  men  of  war,  12  frigates,  and 
about   30  fireships.     With  these  a   watch   was 
kept  of  the  coast  on  which  a  descent  by  the  Mies 
was  feared.     In  the  meantime  the  disaffection  of 
the  people  in  the  country  had  been  increasing 
and  was  to  end  in  the  election  of  the  Prmce  of 
Orange— as   Stadtholder— July   3rd,   1672.     De 
Euyter  was  requested  by  the  States  General  to 
pass  along  the  coast,  as  the  enem/s  fleet  was  re- 
ported to  be  in  sight.    Cornelis  de  Witt  was  made 
prisoner  in  this  month,  and  the  Grand  Pensionary 
wrote    to   ask   de   Euyter    to   declare  that    the 
accusations,   so   far   as   they   related  to  conduct 
when  with  the  fleet,  were  false.     De  Euyter  did 
so,  and  sent   a  letter  to  the  States  of  Holland 
boldly  declaring  his  opinion  of  Cornells  de  Witt  s 
innocence.     The  fleet  was  soon  after  this  taken  to 
the  Texel,  and  from  thence  its  advanced  galiots 
sailed  for  the  mouth  of  the  Ems.     Then  the  States 
General  recalled  it  to  Schooneveldt,  so  great  was 
the  trepidation  of  the  rulers  of  the  country.     At 
Schooneveldt,  de  Euyter  learned  that  the  two  de 
Witts    who    had   so    long  and   so    patriotically 
governed  the  Seven  Provinces-having  been  in- 
earcerated  in  the  old  prison  of  the  Hague-had  on 
the  20th  of  August  been  dragged  out  and  savagely 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   179 

murdered  by  the  excited  populace  before  the  eyes 
of  the  members  of  the  States  General.  He  did 
not  then  know  that  the  leaders  of  this  disgraceful 
act,  which  had  thus  terminated  the  lives  of  two  of 
the  noblest  men  in  Holland,  were  to  be  afterwards 
protected  and  rewarded  by  the  Prince  of  Orange. 
When,  a  month  later,  a  personage  of  importance 
intimated  to  de  Euyter  that  his  usual  prudence 
had  forsaken  him  in  writing  his  famous  statement 
of  the  innocence  of  Cornelis  de  Witt,  he  bluntly 
answered,  "  If  one  dare  not  speak  the  truth  here, 
the  state  of  things  is  very  deplorable.  As  for 
me,  I  shall  speak  it  as  long  as  I  see  the  light." 
The  change  which  had  taken  place  was  such  as  to 
create  a  feeling  of  widespread  distrust,  though  it 
was  soon  felt  that  the  Government  had  passed 
into  strong  and  patriotic  hands. 

The  appointments  made  by  the  de  Witts  all 
over  the  country  were  cancelled,  and  the  citizens 
thus  turned  out  of  oflSce  formed  everywhere  a 
party  adverse  to  their  successors.  Each  of  these 
coteries  naturally  regarded  the  other  with  the 
greatest  suspicion,  and  the  most  unfounded 
rumours  were  spread,  and  implicitly  believed, 
in  a  manner  resembling  the  canards  of  the  French 
Eevolution. 


180 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEB. 


A  report  was  circulated  in  Amsterdam,  on  tlie 
6th  of  September,  that  de  Rnyter  tad  sold  the 
fleet  to  the  French.      This  being  spread  among 
the  floating  vagabonds  of  the  city,  was  accepted 
as  a  fact  by  the  ignorant  and  poor,  and  especially 
gained  credence  among  the  wives  of  those  sailors 
who  were  with  de  liuyter.     A  gathering  crowd 
bee:an  to  move  in  the  direction  of  the  admiraFs 
house,   every   moment   adding    to    the    number. 
Shortly  after  one  o'clock,  a  time  at  which  mer- 
chants had  returned  to  their  homes,  the  screaming 
multitude  appeared  before  the  house,  threatening 
to  break  in  and  rifle  it.     Be  Royter's  wife,  niece, 
and  two  female  servants,  were  alone  indoors,  and, 
but  for  tlie  arrival  of  a  Mynheer  Smit,  a  well- 
known  merchant,  tlie  crowd  would  have  forced 
the  entrance.     Smit  quietly  communicated  with 
the  town  guard,  and  addressed  the  excited  people, 
who  were  shrieking  wildly  that  de  Ruyter  was 
to  have  sold  the  fleet  for  one  ducat  per  sailor. 
Others  said  they  had  seen  him  the  day  before, 
bound  hand  and  foot,  a  prisoner  in  the  Hague. 
The  admiraFs  wife  thereupon  produced  a  letter 
from  him  of  that  date  from  the  fleet,  saying  he 
expected  to  go  almost  immediately  in  search  of 
the  enemy.     Some  of  the  rioters  knew  the  writing. 


I 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   181 

and  the  excitement,  though  still  great,  began 
to  subside.  The  appearance  of  some  musketeers 
created  a  diversion,  and  caused  some  of  them  to 
move  away;  and  six  cannon  on  a  boat  in  the 
canal  being  trained  on  the  crowd,  they  began  to 
leave  the  front  of  the  house,  and  were  finally, 
by  the  assistance  of  cavalry,  driven  across  the 
canals  which  surrounded  the  Isle  of  Waals.  The 
four  bridges  were  guarded,  and  the  excitement 
entirely  passed  away. 

De  Ruyter  was  at  Schooneveldt,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Scheldt.  Very  bad  weather  was  experienced. 
The, fleet  was  reduced  by  several  of  the  vessels 
being  laid  up;  but  there  was,  none  the  less,  a 
scarcity  of  provisions,  especially  among  the  ships 
of  the  Admiralty  of  Zealand. 

There  were  constant  alarms,  proceeding  from 
reports  of  the  intention  of  the  English  fleet  to 
make  a  descent  on  the  coast.  De  Ruyter  landed  at 
Helvoetsluis  on  the  23rd  of  September,  and  went 
to  the  Hague  to  present  his  report  on  the  conduct 
of  the  fleet.  He  was  called  back  on  a  false  alarm. 
The  watch-fires  were  burning  brightly  at  Brielle 
and  other  places  on  the  coast.  The  ships  at 
Helvoetsluis  were  almost  deserted  by  their  crews, 
and  the  place  was  very  inadequately  defended  by 


:::: ;;;■ .335*--*- 


iiiiiiiiBiiiiiiiiim  tjiiiint  |||||||||g|||||||||g||||||^j»^|J3^  I 


182  LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEK. 

troops.     Complaint  was  accordingly  made  to  the 
States   General    and    the    Stadtholder     It    was 
decided  that  six  large  men-of-war  shou  d  now  be 
laid  up.     New  signals  were  arranged  for  the 
coast,  and   de  Ruyter    hmries    from  Bnelle    to 
Rotterdam  to  make  his  report  to  the  Admira  ty 
there.     Staying  a  day  in  the  Hague  for  a  simdar 
purpose,  he  journeys  to  Bodegrave  to  meet  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  who  permits  him  to  visit  his 
family  in  Amsterdam,  where  he  arrives  on  the 

ICth  of  October. 

A  curious  incident  is  connected  with  this  visit 
to  Amsterdam.      One  morning,  during  his  stay 
there,  a  man  came  to  his  house  with  a  piece  ot 
bread  and  a  large  knife  iu  his  hand,  and  asked 
for  Michiel  de  Ruyter.     Being  admitted  to  the 
hall   he  called  out  agam  that  he  wished  to  see 
Michiel  de  Ruyter.     The  admiral,  on  hearing  the 
sound,   came    downstairs,   when   his  visitor  en- 
deavoured to  stab  hun,  but  was  cleverly  stopped 
by    the    man-servant,    who,    with    the    utmost 
promptitude,  threw  a  small  ladder  over  his  neck 
and  arms,  and  so  disconcerted  him  that  he  ran  as 
fast  as  possible  through  the  open  doorway  and  dis- 
appeared.  He  was  never  traced.  After  this,  proper 
precautions  were  taken  for  de  Ruyter's  protection. 


I 


ir 


I 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   183 

The  autumn  and  winter  of  1672  were  marked 
by  renewed  attempts  of  the  French  to  penetrate 
further  into  the  country.  Their  attacks  on 
several  towns,  and  their  attempt  to  use  the  ice 
for  their  approach,  failed.  When  Amsterdam 
was  expecting  an  assault,  the  command  of  part 
of  the  militia  was  given  to  de  Ruyter.  The 
new  year,  1673,  began  with  renewed  activity  on 
both  sides  of  the  Channel.  De  Ruyter  inspected 
carefully  the  defences  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  and  the 
Dutch  admiralties  actively  prepared  their  ships. 

In  England,  Charles  obtained  from  Parliament 
a  subsidy  of  £70,000  per  month  for  18  months. 
Prince  Rupert  was  made  Admiral  of  the  Red,  Sir 
Edward  Spragge  was  given  the  Blue,  and  the 
Comte  d'Estrees  was  to  command  the  White. 

De  Ruyter  recommended  a  renewal  of  the  offers 
of  rewards  and  recompenses  which  had  proved 
useful  in  former  wars,  which  was  agreed  to.  A 
reconciliation  between  de  Ruyter  and  Cornelis 
van  Tromp  was  effected,  and  the  Prince  of  Orange 
requested  the  former  to  hasten  the  preparations 
„t\e  various  admiralties.  A  report  was,  in 
consequence,  issued,  showing  the  condition  of 
each  admiralty.  A  novel  scheme  of  attack  on 
the   English   was    under    consideration.      Eight 


184 


LIFE  OF  DE  BUYTEB. 


vessels  were  to  be  laden  with  stones  and  snnk 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Thames,  with  the  intention 
of  blocking  up   the   river.      Under  instructions 
from  the  Prince  of  Orange,  de  Ruyter,  with  J 
men-of-war,  fonr  frigates,  and  four  fireships.put  to 
sea  on  the  0th  of  May,  and  met  Rear-Admiral  de 
Haan  with  16  men-of-war,  eight  frigates,  12  bre- 
ships,  and  the  eight  boats  intended  to  be  sunk 
The  united  squadrons  made  for  the  entrance  of 
the  Thames,  taking  an  Enghsh  storeship  on  the 
way.     Rear-Admirals  van  Nes  and  Ylug  were  sent 
on  bv  <le  Ruyter  to  sink  the  stone  boats.     They 
were'delayed  by  a  thick  fog,  and  found  tbe  entrance 
of  the  Thames  guarded  by  a  quantity  of  Enghsh 
vessels.      The  council   of  war  therefore  decided 
to  recall  van  Nes,  and  the  whole  fleet  returned 
to  Holland.     The  new  plan  had  fallen  through. 
A  general  instruction  and  order  by  de  Ruyter  to 
the  general  officers  was  now  issued.     On  the  2;)th 
of  May  he  received  information  of  the  numbers  ot 
the  allied  fleets,  which  induced  him  to  .write, 
ur-ing   the   Prince   of  Orange   to   expedite  the 
completion  of  the  crews  which  were  still  deficient 

in  number.  i    •  -^^ 

A   council  of  war   was  held,   and  a  decisiou 

arrived  at  to  attack  the  united  fleets  if  they  should 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   185 

make  a  descent  on  the  coast.  By  the  1st  of  June 
the  fleet  was  under  sail  with  the  object  of  effecting 
evolutions  which  formed  a  consistent  part  of  de 
Euyter's  scheme  of  preparation.  The  same  day 
de  Ruyter  dined  with  van  Tromp,  whose  conduct 
was  now  as  friendly  and  as  respectful  as  it  was 
formerly  the  reverse.  While  they  were  at  table 
the  look-ont  yachts  signalled  the  appearance  of 

the  allied  fleets. 

The  next  day  was  too  calm  for  the  fleets  to 
approach,  and  the  two  following  days  were  foggy 
or  too  stormy ;  soundings  had  to  be  taken,  and  it 
was  not  until  the  7th  of   June   (Lediard  says 
May   28th,   O.S.),  the   anniversary  of   Solebay, 
that  the   English    and  French    fleets    attacked. 
They  consisted,  says  Brandt,  of  150  sail  of  all 
kinds  "  or  about  80  to  90  large  warships.    The 
same '  authority   says   the    Dutch    had   only   52 

.  Loon^an  (p.  340)  says  Allies  had  140  to  150  ^l^iP^J^^^ 

,    ..  •„;!  nfi  (TiiTiH  and  three  carried  lOU.     xaey 

■which  four  carried  90  guns,  ana  mic 

^      1  •         Tio  «.;-,rPH  the  same  figures  for  the 
had  30  to  40  fireships.     He  gives  the  same  ng 

Dutch  as  Brandt,  adding,  their  largest  ships  camedSO  guns. 
They  had  in  all  18.000  men  and  3000  guns.    De  Jonge 
..Geschiedenis     van    het    Nederlandsch    Ze~       say^ 
..Dutch:  52  warships,  12  frigates.  25  S-^'P^'  ^^^O^/^;  ; 
18.000  men.     English:   50  to   60  warships.  24  to  30  fire 
ships,  etc.     French:  27  warships.  10  fireships.  etc. 


t 


jS 


186 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


warships,  12  frigates,  14  yachts,  and  25  fireships* 
"  Columna  Rostratft;'  however,  gives  the  numbers 
of  English  and  trench  as  84  men-of-war,  26 
fireships;  Dutcl i,  70  warships,  besides  fireships. 
Captain  Mnhan  accepts  in  his  account  the  follow- 
ing figures  :  IJutch,  55  ships  of  the  line,  Allies,  81, 
of  which  54  English.  The  wind  was  blowing 
W.N.W.  in  the  morning,  when  the  Allies,  who 
had  the  weather  gage,  sent  forward  34  of  the 
lightest  frigates  and  10  fireships  (Brandt)  with 
the  object,  as  English  writers  explain,  of  drawing 
the  Dutcli  out.  They  were  immediately  assailed, 
de  Ruyter  having  already  prepared  for  action  and 
encouraged  his  men  in  a  short  speech,  in  which 
he  told  them  that  the  arm  of  God  would  more 
than  make  good  the  disparity  in  numbers.  Van 
Tromp,  who  commanded  the  right,  was  the  first 
to  engage  tlie  allied  left  (the  White  Squadron), 
consisting  principally  of  French  ships  and  led  by 

*  Brandt  (p.  568)  says  that  a  Fienchman  made  prisoner 
at  this  battle  told  de  Kiiyter  that  the  English  had  60 
warships,  and  25  to  30  fireships ;  the  French  30,  of  which 
the  smallest  had  50  guns,  and  10  or  11  fireships.  The 
allied  fleets  aggregated  140  sail.  The  English  and  French 
war  vessels  were  mixed,  the  French  making  one  division  in 
each  squadron,  the  English  being  suspicious  of  the  French, 
who  were  expected  to  save  their  ships. 


1^ 


)  • 


I" •! 


,J 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   187 

d'Estrees,  and  in  doing  so  formed  the  Dutch  van. 
He  went  north  on  the  port  tack,  trying  to  get 
the  wind  of  the  enemy.  The  allied  left  was 
thrown  into  some  confusion  by  the  impetuosity 
of  van  Tromp's  attack,  and  also  hy  the  over 
anxiety  of  the  French  to  get  at  the  Dutch.  The 
fight  then  raged  with  great  fury  in  the  vans  of 
both  fleets,  until  two  o'clock,  when  de  Euyter  in 
the  centre  signalled,  and  despatched  a  yacht  to  tell 
van  Tromp,  that  the  centre,  and  the  left  under 
Bankert,  neither  of  which  had  yet  been  engaged, 
would  go  on  the  opposite  tack  in  a  southerly 
direction.  Van  Tromp  was  accordingly  to  follow. 
De  Euyter  and  Bankert  immediately  went  on  the 
starboard  tack,  and  were  soon  in  the  midst  of  the 
English  Red  division  under  Rupert  and  the  Blue 
under  Spragge.  De  Ruyter  took  his  ship,  the 
Sevm  Provinces,  through  the  English  line,  and 
seemed  about  to  carry  everything  before  him, 
when  he  perceived  that  Bankert,  having  lost  his 
fore-topmast  and  great  foresail,  was  in  difficulties, 
and  his  squadron  out  of  control.  He  therefore 
took  his  ship  into  Bankert's  division,  re-established 
order,  and  threw  the  English  into  confusion.  The 
latter  found  that  de  Ruyter  had  cut  oflf  several 
of  their  ships  from  the  main  division  and  gained 


I 


m  i 


188 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


i 

»,  I. 

1  f 


the  wind  of  tliem.  He  was  unable  to  profit  by 
this  to  any  extent,  because  it  was  perceived  that 
van  Tromp,  who  had  not  followed  the  change  of 
tack,  was  left  with  his  division  to  the  north  of  the 
line,  and  was  surrounded  by  enemies.  De  Ruyter 
and  Bankert  now  went  on  the  port  tack  again, 
and  were  soon  in  toucli  with  van  Tromp.  The 
latter  had  already  been  twice  compelled  to  change 
his  ship,  and  was  severely  pressed.  On  seeing 
de  Ruyter  coming  to  liis  assistance,  van  Tromp, 
remembering  his  violent  quarrels  with  him,  said 
to  those  about  him,  "  Friends,  there  is  our  good 
ftither,"  so  de  Ruyter  was  called  in  the  fleet, 
"  coming  to  help  us.  I  will  never  abandon  him, 
as  long  as  I  live."  The  arrival  of  the  centre  and 
left  afforded  the  needed  relief  to  tlie  right,  and 
.W  whole  Dutch  U,,c  »a,  now  enabled  to  go 
south,  maintaining  with  success  their  fire  on  the 
enemy,  which  had  not  ceased  since  it  began. 
The  fight  raged  witli  tlie  utmost  fierceness  about 
de  Ruyter,  who  lost  his  fore  topmast,  and  escaped 
very  narrowly  I'roui  an  English  fireship.  Darkness 
at  ten  o'clock  closed  the  fight.  The  Dutch  claimed 
the  victory,  but  anchored  in  the  protection  of 
their  shoals. 

Captain  Mahan  (p.  152)  says,  "  The  afiair  was 


k 


I 


f 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.   189 

indecisive,  if  a  battle  can  be  called  so  in  which  an 
inferior  force  attacks  a  superior,  inflicts  an  equal 
loss,  and  frustrates  the  main  object  of  the  enemy." 
The  English  did  not  admit  the  loss  of  any  war- 
ships  beyond  the  two  French  which  sank.      They 
claimed  that  the  Dutch  lost  one,  which  sank  in 
the  night,  with   a   large  number  of  men.     The 
Dutch  account  (Brandt)   made  the  English  lose 
two   frigates   of  50   and    36   guns    respectively, 
besides  the  French  vessels.      It  is  allowed  that 
the  English  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  was  very 
heavy,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  had  on  board 
the  ships  an  entirely  unnecessary  and  useless  body 
of  troops,  which  it  was  intended  to  land  in  case 
of  a  successful  battle.     The  inclusion   of  these 
troops   was   an  error  on  all  grounds,  when  the 
possibility   of  landing   them  was   in  doubt.     It 
will  be  remembered  that  on  a  former  occasion,  viz. 
in  July,  1666,  the  Dutch,  when  contemplating  an 
invasion,  brouglit  their  soldiers  in  transports,  and 
when  they  found  an  English  fleet  ready  to  dispute 
a  landing,  wisely  sent  them  back  without  delay. 
The  next  day  a  tempest  prevented  the  anchorage 
of  the  Dutch  vessels  being  changed.     The  allied 
fleet  could  be  seen  anchored  two  and  a  half  leagues 
to  the  N.N.W.     The  Dutch  counted  90  sail.     The- 


^^^SS 


llHit 


t  i 


190 


LIFE  OP  DE  RUYTER. 


weather  being  better  on  the  9th,  the  latter  moved 
to  a  new  anchorage  further  south,  and  were 
joined  by  three  fresh  vessels.  De  Euyter  pro- 
posed to  his  council  of  war  that  they  should  attack 
the  enemy  again,  which  was  agreed  to.  He  had 
now,  by  Brandt's  account,  51  men-of-war,  13 
frigates,  24  fireships,*  and  16  yachts. 

At  about  half-past  eleven  on  the  14th  (Lediard 
says  June  4tli,  O.S.),  a  week  after  the  former 
fight,  de  lluyter  sailed  out  of  the  shallows  to  meet 
the  enemy,  who,  liowever,  retired  as  he  advanced, 
and  it  was  not  till  near  four  o'clock  that  a  general 
engagement  took  place.  Van  Tromp  led  tlie 
Dutch  vanguard,  de  Ruyter  and  Prince  Rnpert 
were  engaged  ship  to  ship,  and  the  Prince  was 
compelled  to  change  tlie  i^o-yce?  Charles  for  another 
vessel,  the  usual  fete  of  oiir  admirals  when,  in 
tliese  later  wars,  they  attacked  de  Euyter.  It  is 
supposed  that  the  Allies,  with  a  large  number  of 
wounded  soldiers  on  board,  were  not  disposed  to 
run  the  risk  of  a  close  or  prolonged  engagement, 
at  a  distance  from  their  shores,  and  without  the 
advantages  for  repairs,  provisions,  and  reinforce- 

*  Looman  (p.  345)  agrees  with  these  figures.  He  makes 
the  Allies  number  118  sail  of  all  kinds,  of  which  85  warships, 
frigates,  and  lireships.      De  Jonge  agrees  with  Brandt. 


1 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.    191 

ment  which  the  Dutch  might  have  at  Schoone- 
veldt.*  They  accordingly  retired  to  their  shores, 
leaving  the  victory  in  the  hands  of  the  Dutch. 
The  latter  claimed  that  they  saw  a  vessel  of  the 
enemy's  fleet  burning,  but  whether  a  fireship  or 
large  vessel  they  could  not  tell.  They  returned 
to  anchor  at  Schooneveldt. 

Thus  ended  de  Ruyter's  famous  defence  of 
Holland  in  the  Schooneveldt  shallows,  with  the 
most  complete  success,  against  superior  numbers. 

The  State  of  Holland  now  resolved  to  supply 
the  fleet  with  munitions.  The  States  General 
and  the  Prince  of  Orange  sent  congratulations  to 
de  Euyter  on  his  conduct  of  the  campaign.  Eear- 
Admiral  de  Haan  was  promptly  sent  with  a 
squadron  of  observation  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames.  In  doing  this,  the  council  of  war  had 
in  view  the  impression  upon  the  English  navy 
of  the  belief  that  a  fleet  was  ready  to  appear 
on  the  coast.  De  Haan  returned  on  the  25th 
of  June  to  report  that  he  had  learned  from  a 
Lubeck  captain  that  70  warships  were  anchored  off 

*  Davies,  **  History  of  Holland,"  vol.  iii.  p.  130,  says, 
"English  sailors  made  no  concealment  of  reluctance  to 
fighting  longer  in  such  a  quarrel ; "  they  spoke  of  the 
"  aggrandisement  of  their  ally,"  and  looked  on  the  "  enemy 
with  pity."    This  is  practically  confirmed  by  Brandt,  p.  588. 


192 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUITER. 


.\ 


Sheeriiess,  and  were  to  pick  up  at  Tilbury  Hope 
some  30,000  men  for  the  purpose  of  landing  them 
on  the  coast  of  Zealand,  for  which  purpose  there 
were  20  more  vessels  ready. 

The  Dutch  fleet  was  now  receiving  reinforce- 
ments, and  the  deputies  of  the  States  General  who 
visited  it  on  the  28th  of  June,  laid  before  the 
lieut.-admiral  a  scheme  for  a  visitation  of  their 
vessels  to  the  English  coast.  This  was  expected 
to  intimidate  the  English  Government,  who  would 
probably  see  the  futility  of  endeavouring  to  make 
a  descent  on  Zealand  while  the  Dutch  controlled 
the  sea.  The  suggestion  was  accepted  by  the 
council  of  war,  and  de  Ruyter  took  the  fleet  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  appeared  close  to 
Harwicli,  and  tlien,  k.iving  a  s(|uadroii  under 
van  Gelder  *  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  came  to 
anchor  near  Westcappel.  \  an  Gelder  joined  him 
a  few  days  later,  but  liad  nothing  to  report. 

The  illness  prevailing  in  the  ships  was  seri- 
ously inconveniencing  the  admiralties,  who  were 
doing  their  utmost  to  supply  the  fleet  with  good 
sailors.  The  Dutcli  received  news  about  this 
time,  from  their  secret  agents  in  London,  that 
the  English  fleet  was  very  short  of  experienced 

*  Do  Euyter's  stepson. 


\i 


«■ 


I 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.         193 

sailors,  that  it  was  said  on  the  ships  that  they 
had  no  wish  to  fight  the  Dutch,  and  that  tlie 
w^ar  party  would  be  sensibly  weakened  if  the 
navy  made  no  progress  (Brandt,  p.  588).  Every 
day  now  brought  some  fresh  items  of  news  from 
England,  more  or  less  important,  and  on  the  28th 
of  July  de  Ruyter's  look-out  ships  announced 
tliat  the  Englisli  fleet  of  100  sail,  had  been  seen 
coming  out  of  the  Thames,  but  that  a  calm  had 
caused  it  to  anchor  there.  De  Ruyter  prepared 
at  once  to  receive  this  fleet,  as  he  judged,  from 
the  W.N.W.  wind,  that  it  might  come  over  direct 
to  his  anchorage.  The  council  of  war  on  this 
occasion  decided,  on  the  proposition  of  the  lieut.- 
admiral,  that,  in  the  event  of  an  action  taking 
place,  with  advantage  of  the  weather  gage,  the 
object  of  the  engagement  should  be  to  pierce  the 
enemy's  line,  and  gain  the  victory  by  a  smart 
attack ;  but  that  if  the  enemy  had  the  weather- 
gage,  the  attempt  should  be  made  to  keep  as  close 
to  the  wind  as  possible,  and  in  doing  this  to 
strike  and  penetrate  the  enemy  in  the  middle, 
because  it  would  be  necessary  to  throw  them  into 
confusion  by  a  prompt  and  vigorous  attack,  and 
by  the  impact  of  a  short  struggle.  After  the 
council  had  closed,  de  Ruyter  sent  for  the  captains 

o 


''■1 
fl 


x  *. 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET. 


195 


194 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTER. 


of  his  own  squadron,  and  exhorted  tliem  to  do 
their    duty.     His   h'eut. -admirals    did    the   same 
with   their   captains.     The  next   day  de  Ruyter 
put  to   sea,   and   passed   to   the  N.W.     On  the 
evening   of  the   30th  of  July,  the  enemy  were 
descried  at  about  four  leagues  distance.     Instruc- 
tions were  now  given  to  van  Tromp  and  Bankert 
to   keep   their   squadrons  as  near  the  centre  as 
possible,  to  ensure  absolute  unity  of  action.     The 
wind  being  westerly  on  the  following  day,  both 
navies  went  south,  but  the  Allies  did  not  allow 
an   engagement   to   take   place,   and  the   Dutch 
began  to  suspect  that  the  object  of  the  enemy  was 
to   draw  them  away  from  the  coast  of  Zealand. 
They    tlierefore    returned    to  Westcappel.     The 
Allies  now  went  north,  passing  along  the  coast 
from  the  mouth  of  tlie  Maas  (coming  closer  in 
and  firing  a  few  shots  as  they  passed  Scheveningen) 
to  the  Texel,  which  was  reached  on  the  4th  of 
August.     All   Holland  was  on  the  alert     The 
Prince   of    Orange   wrote   de   Ruyter   from    the 
Hague  of   the  movements   of   the  enemy,   and 
requested  him  to  come  north,  but  the  despatch 
was  only  received  on  the  7  th  of  August.     The 
Dutch  fleet  immediately  sailed,  and  was  opposite 
Scheveningen  on  the  following  morning.     There 


I 


communications  passed  between  the  council  of 
war,  the  State  of  Holland,  and  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  on  the  question  of  attacking  the  enemy 
or  waiting  for  the  valuable  East  Indian  fleet, 
now  expected  to  return,  or,  of  returning  to  the 
Maas,  to  watch  events  from  thence.  The  Prince 
of  Orange  finally  came  on  board  of  de  Ruyter, 
to  the  delight  of  the  sailors,  who  saw  Holland's 
two  greatest  leaders  together.  It  was  decided  to 
fight.  Tlie  fleet  proceeded  northwards  on  the  13th, 
and  experienced  very  bad  weather,  but  anchored 
on  the  18th  about  W.N.W.  of  Kamperduin.  There 
the  vedettes  announced  that  they  had  sighted  the 
enemy.  For  want  of  wind  de  Ruyter  remained 
anchored  on  the  19th.  With  a  light  east  wind  the 
Dutch  went  north  the  next  morning,  and  were  in 
full  view  of  the  Allies  by  ten  o'clock.  But  the  latter 
had  no  desire  to  engage  that  day,  though  they 
had  the  wind,  and  the  Dutch  accordingly  tacked, 
and  keeping  to  the  shore,  went  south  with  them 
until  two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  when  the  Dutch 
again  tacked  and  went  to  the  W.N.W.  The 
enemy  about  the  same  time  went  N.N.E.  The 
wind  changed  to  E.S.E. ;  and  the  Dutch,  who 
were  at  daybreak  of  the  21st  of  August  two 
leagues  from  the  shore,   between    Kamperduin 


V, 


I 


■sfitfffE'' 


19G 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTEK. 


and  Petten,  could  see  that  de  Ruyter  had  gained 
the  weather  gage.  Not  wishing  to  delay  tlie  use 
of  this  advantage,  the  signal  to  form  line  ahead 
was  given  in  the  early  morning.  Tlie  two  fleets 
now  confronting  one  another  consisted,  the  Eng- 
lish of  GO,  the  French  of  30,  and  the  Dutch  of 
70  men-of-war  and  frigates.*  The  Allied  Yan 
(the  Wliite  Squadron)  was  led  by  d'Estrees,the  Red 
Squadron  in  the  centre  by  Rupert,  and  the  Blue 
by  Sir  Edward  Spragge.t  Tlie  Dutch  commenced 
tl leir  evolutions  by  goiiri;*-  north  with  the  wind — 
van  Tromp  leading,  de  Ruyter  in  tlie  centre,  and 
Bankert  in  the  rear.  The  Allies  were  coming 
down  in  a  parallel  line  against  the  wind  on  the 
port  tack  towards  them.  No  attempt  now  to 
evade  the  long-expected  fight.  All  the  sailors 
in  de  Ruyter's  fleet  knew,  as  they  watclied  tlie 
stately  line  of  close-hauled  warships  push  througli 
the  waves,  wliat  defeat  would  mean  ou  that 
Auo-ust  mornint^.  AVar  had  stalked  throuixli  their 
land.  They  had  heard  that  the  English  kinff 
had   placed    on   board   those   vessels   a   body   of 

*  De  Jonge  says,  Dutch,  60  warships,  15  frigates,  22 
fireshipB,  18  advice;  guns,  4245;  men,  19,837.  He  quotes 
Lediard  for  English,  60  to  62  warships ;  French,  28  to  30 ; 
and  united  fireships,  28. 

t  Spragg  or  Spragiie. 


CO 


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, -ajriwr"--!,™  ^Jt-k  ^     '^O*      '-■^^i       ■Ir-'i    IfC^ 


]fM3 


LIFE   OF   DE    RUYTEH. 


.11(1   frigates.*      Tlie   Allied   Yan 


and  Petten.  couLl  ^^■'>^  -i-  !    ,....   ..ui  ^uuied 

the  wcMtlier  ^aire.  Not  wisliincr  to  delav  the  use 
of  till       '     iiia^t \  v.        'ornal  to  fbrni  line  ahead 

in  til-        .  .  .   .aorninir.     Tlie  two  fit  =    

lH>^v  insisted,  tlie  Enpr- 

I  i s li   * » t   'If),  the   1^  If iiKzii  < ) i   . ; u ,  a u a  i he  Dutch  o f 

70   m*  11 

(tlie  AVlme  Squadron)  was  led  by  d'Estrees,the  Red 
Sqn;vh"' ^n  in  tli- <  •iiiiv  '  '  Kuj.  .i,  and  the  Blue 
l>y  Sir  Ivlward  S|)i  "     Ttie  Dutch  commenced 

their  evolution>  ^  ■  north  with  tlie  wind — 

van  Troni]'*  h'aditnj*  dc  INivtcr  in  tli*.  .'oiitr'  .nd 
l)ankert  in  tlie  rear.  1  iie  Allies  were  cominfr 
down   in  a  parallel   Hi;  aiM^i    ih'    ■'  "     ^     -n   me 

poit  tack  towai'ds  them.  Xo  attempt  now  to 
('■'"■  expected  light.  All  tlir  sailors 
in  de    R^i^:*^  ^-'^    ■*  .. .  ,.  -    ;  „,:.^>     .. ., ..  lied   the 

gtatelvh:  1  warships  push  tlirough 

I I  i  e  \\  a  \  t s ,  \v  1 1  at  <  i  e  i  ea  i  would  i  uean  on  tha  t 
An<rnst  morning.  War  Irnl  stalked  fhrmio-li  tlieii* 
land.  Tiiev  liad  lifaril  ttiat  tlie  Euirlish  kinir 
had    placed    on    i" aid    ti  \uaaci>    a    uudy    of 

•  V-    ^             „.>,   Diitcli,    •^"   warshit  ■     '      in-iiLus,  -_ 
firobliil  ^  ;   men,   iy,^,>7.     He  quotes 

Lediard  fiT  Eugli  warships ;  French,  28  to 

ail-l  united  firp.<;liii 


SW3 
CO 


Q. 

0) 

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O 


^  'kM|rdb:>i4v.«KHlC'*AllX4l!llk< 


u 


"TUK  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.    197 

troops  prepared  to  march  on  the  Hague,  the 
heart  of  Holland,  the  seat  of  government  of  their 
fatherland,  whenever  de  Ruyter's  protecting  fleet 
slioui.l  ho  broken  up.  Each  rough  gunner  knew 
that  tlie  old  admiral,  "  the  good  father,"  looked 
to  him  that  day.  Holland's  future  hung  on  the 
issue  of  the  fight.  And  now,  at  about  half-past 
seven,  de  Ruyter  signals  for  the  fleet  to  go  to 
windward  on  the  same  tack  as  the  Allies,  and  the 
two  lines  are  coming  closer. 

Bankert's  squadron  is  now  the  van— and  van 
Tromp-s  tlie  rear ;  but  the  foes  are  still  far  apart. 
Two  hours  more  have  passed,  and  Bankert  falls 
upon  the  last  vessels  of  the  allied  van ;  hut  d'Estrees, 
with  all  but    these   last  ships   of  his   squadron 
keeps^  on  his  course,  to  the  surprise  of  the  Dutch 
and  Eoghsh,  and  also  of  bis  own  captain,  Martel, 
who  with   some   of  the  rearmost  vessels  of  the 
squadron  is  attacked  by  Bankert's  ships.    Bankert, 
thus  relieved  of  d'Estrees,  is  able  to  veer  round 
and  attack  with  the  greater  part  of  his  vessels, 
Prince  Eupert's  Red  Squadron.    Thus,  it  has  been 
pointed  out  by  a  great  writer,  he  has  executed 
Nelson's  well-known  tactics,  and  the  centre  and 
rear  are  as  effectually  cut  off  as  they  were  to  be 
at  Trafalgar  132  years  later.     Rupert  has  now 


BSS?5" ' 


198 


LIFE  OF   DE   KUITER. 


come  into  contact  witli  de  Tiuyter's  centre,   and 
here  the  fight  rapidly  assumes  the  fierceness  of 
desperation.      The  two   lines  pass   through   one 
another.     Now  de  Ruyter  loses  the  weather,  and 
Eupert's  squadron  gains  it,  and  again  de  Ruyter 's 
tactics  have  given  it  to  liim.     While  Bankert's 
concentration  on  Rupert  is  putting  him  to  a  dis- 
advant'v.*-,  de  Ruyter,  who.se  trained  gunners  (if 
Dutch  accounts  are  accurate)  fire  their  cannon  as 
swiftly  as  muskets,  three  times   to  the  English 
gunners  once,  is  now  wrapped  with  Rupert  in  a 
thick  fog,  which  with  a  pattering  rain  and  the 
clouds  of  smoke,  obscure  friend  and  foe,  but  not 
for  a  moment  interrupt  the  musketry  fire  or  the 
furious  cannonade.      Vv'hen  the  fog  drifts  away, 
and  only  the  smoke  blinds  the  sight,  the  sea  is 
strewn  with  spars  and  masts  and  human  forms, 
and  it  is  observed  in  the  English  fleet  that  the 
French    allies    are    watching    tlie    fight    in    the 
distance,  and  that  the  rear  squadron  and  Spragge 
are  out  of  sight. 

Rupert  and  the  centre  tack  to  join  Spragge,  de 
Ruyter  tacks  to  find  van  Tromp,  and  Bankert 
follows,  still  closing  relentlessly  on  the  English 
centre. 

Spragge's  squadron  is  reached,  still  vigorously 


1 


"THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET.    199 

cannonading  van  Tromp.  Spragge's  orders  had 
been  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  centre,  but  no 
sooner  did  van  Tromp  offer  him  battle,  than  he 
stopped  the  rear  to  fight  van  Tromp,  whose  body 
he  had  promised  to  bring  to  King  Charles,  alive 
or  dead. 

Ship  to  ship  the  two  admirals  had  fought  for 
more  than  three  hours,  before  Spragge  had  killed 
a  single  man  on  van  Tromp*s  vessel — so  much 
had  English  gunnery  to  improve  before  Colling- 
wood  and  Nelson  could  each,  at  Trafiilgar,  kill 
and  wound  400  enemies  with  one  discharge. 

But  the  ships  of  van  Tromp  and  Spragge  are 
so  damaged  that  they  both  change  to  fresh  ones, 
and  again  their  duel  continues.  Spragge  again 
has  to  change,  but  while  being  rowed  to  a  new 
vessel,  a  shot  smashes  the  boat  he  is  in,  and  he 
is  drowned,  one  of  the  most  gallant  officers 
sacrificed  in  the  fight. 

The  combat,  however,  rages  as  fiercely  as 
before,  neither  side  showing  signs  of  giving  way ; 
every  artifice  is  tried  to  gain  advantage,  but  the 
roar  of  battle  rings  as  loudly  as  ever.  Two  famous 
fighting  admirals  among  the  Dutch,  Sweers  and 
de  Liefde,  are  dead,  but  their  men  fight  on.  Not 
till  seven  o'clock  is  there  any  sign  of  parting. 


t^OO 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUTTER. 


(( 


THE  GOOD  FATHER"  OF  THE  FLEET. 


201 


About  tliat  time  the  French  fleet  is  seen  a|> 
proaching  Eiipert,  and  then,  in  the  account 
adopted  by  Captain  Jraliaii,  "de  Ruyter  with- 
drew." The  same  great  authority  adds,  "the 
battle  .   .  .  may  be  called  a  drawn  figbt.'* 

In  its  consequences,  the  fight  which  de  Ruyter 
and  the  Dutch  made  that  day  against  considerable 
odds  was  a  brilliant  victory -Holland  was  saved. 
In   that    one  word  lies  the  whole  result.      The 
English   fleet  with  its  ally   liad  been  unable  lo 
overcome   the  Dutch  resistance  to  tlie  intended 
landing,  a  result  in  which  we  cannot  but  feel,  in 
view  of  the  probable  consequences,  sincere  satis- 
faction,   and   the   fleet   had   also   been    so   much 
damaged   that   it   was   unable  to  keep  the   sea. 
With   the   first   thunder   of  the   cannon   in   the 
morning,  bells  were  rung  in  the  churches  by  the 
shore,  and  repeated  ftir  inland,  where  in  many  a 
humble   village    the  Netherlanders   bowed   their 
heads  in  prayer  for  the  fatlierland.      The  clouds 
that    hovered     over     their    country    had    been 
scattered  to  the  winds  of  heaven,  and  the  deliverer 
was  greeted  with  the  acclamations  of  the  nation 
which  had  so  often  owed  him  heartfelt  gratitude 
before.     The  States  General,  the  Admiralties,  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  vied  in  expressions  of  praise — 


[ 

r 


Engel  de  Euyter  was  made  rear-admiral  —  and 
his  father  was  sent  to  visit  the  coast  of  England ; 
but  a  tempest  put  an  end  to  the  voyage,  and 
he  returned  to  Helvoetsluis.  On  the  19  th  of 
February,  1674,  the  Treaty  of  Westminster  was 
signed.  Charles  at  last  definitely  broke  with  the 
ally  in  whom  he  could  place  no  faith,  pocketed 
the  2,000,000  guilders— which  he  extorted  from 
the  United  Provinces,  and  Louis  was  left  to  face 
the  Dutch  alone. 


I 


202 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTEK. 


*'ADrii'  FOR  Ever." 

THE    ATTEMPT   ON   THE    FRENCH    WEST   INDIES— HOME    LIFE— 

THE   OPERATIONS   OF    1675-76 DEATH. 

With   the  conclusion    of  the   war   of    1672-73, 
.0  E„,.e..,  fa.„  „»  a  sea,.,,,  a,„l„  ..creased: 

His  masterly  conduct  of  the  contest  against  the 
two   most    powerful    nations   in   Europe,  was   a 
source  of  universal  admiration.     The  bold  attack 
at  Solebay,  which  defeated  the  plan  of  invasion 
in    1672,  the   patient   defensive   strategy  in  the 
shoals   of  Schooneveldt,  when  the  navy  of  tlie 
Netherlands   liad    been    unavoidably   reduced   in 
strength,   followed    as   it   was   by   two    repulses 
inflicted  on  the  superior  fleets  of  the  Allies,  had 
greatly  impressed  his  contemporaries.     When  to 
these  triumphs  succeeded  the  battle  of  Kykduin, 
and  the  eventual  relief  of  Holland  from  all  threats 
by  sea,  de  Euyter's  renown  passed  all  previous 
limits.     While  it  was  seen  how  his  unremitting 
attention  to  details  had  shaped  the  Dutch  navy 


u 


r  I 


fi 


ADIEU   FOR   EVER." 


203 


IV 


to  the  requirements  of  his  strategy,  it  is  possible 
that  the  deterioration  which  was  proceeding  on 
the  other  side  of  the  Channel,  and  its  results  in 
assisting  de  Euyter's  success,  may  have  been  over- 
looked,* as  well  as  the  want  of  the  determination 
to   combat  the  Dutch  with   the  same   untiring 
energy    as    in    Cromwell's    war.f      The   English 
nation  had    given   Charles   but  very  grudging 
assistance  in  las  two  wars.     This  was  probably 
fully  understood  by  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who 
felt  so  secure  in  regard  to  the  future  policy  of 
his  uncle,  that  he  now  ventured,  under  de  Euyter's 
advice,  while   reducing   the  navy,  to  allow   the 
preparation   of  a  fleet    destined    to  attack    the 
French   Antilles.       On   the   27th   of    February, 
1674,   de  Euyter  had  taken   the  oath    of  alle- 
giance to   the    Prince,   and    he    availed   of  the 
oi^portunity   to    impress    on    him    his    views    in 
regard  to  this  expedition,  the  idea  of  which  he 
had   himself  originated.     The   command   of  the 
force  destined  for  this  affair  was  confided  to  de 
Euyter,  while  to  van  Tromp  was   entrusted   an 
attack   on   the   coast   of  France.      The   greatest 

*  Pepys. 

t  See  Colomb,  "  Naval  Warfare,"  and  Da  vies,  "  History  of 
Holland." 


204 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


205 


secrecy  was  enjoined  in  tlie  preparation  of  these 
bold  and  aggressive  designs. 

The  Dutch  fleet  was  now  to  consist  of  54  ships 
of  the  line,  12  frigates,  and  84  smaller  ships, 
making  150  sail  of  all  kinds,  carrying  18,400 
sailors,  and  about  2700  soldiers. 

The  cost  of  providing  the  vessels  and  their 
armament  and  provisions  for  six  months,  was 
about  5,700,000  florins  (Brandt,  p.  628 ;  Looman, 
p.  382).  Wielingen  was  the  rendezvous  arranged ; 
but  the  various  admiralties  took  some  time  in 
the  preparation  of  their  contingents,  the  weather 
was  not  favourable,  and  it  was  only  on  the  24th 
of  May  that  de  Ruyter  was  able  to  leave  Wie- 
lingen, and  even  then,  some  of  his  vessels  were 
not  ready  to  sail.  On  the  27th,  the  fleet  arrived 
off  Dover,  and  the  admiral  saluted  the  fortress 
with  L']  guns,  his  lieut.-admirals  with  11,  the 
vice-admirals  with  nine,  and  the  rear-admirals  with 
seven.  Several  English  officers  went  on  board 
de  Ruyter,  and  the  most  friendly  intercourse  was 
observed.  Despatching  an  urgent  appeal  to  the 
Dutch  naval  authorities  to  forward  the  storeships 
with  cannon  and  munitions  of  war,  for  want  of 
which  he  was  being  delayed,  de  Ruyter  passed 
down  the  English  coast  as  far  as  Torbay.    Thence, 


lUl 


i 


II 


on  tlie  9th  of  June,  he  cleared  with   about   56 

vessels  (including   a  detachment   of  nine  which 

were  to  rejoin  later),  carrying  4330  sailors,  3386 

soldiers,  and  1142  cannon.     De  Ruyter  hoisted 

his  flag  on  the  Zeven  Provincien^  van  Ness  and 

Bankert   had    commands   in    his   fleet,   but    van 

Tromp  remained  with  the  Channel  fleet  destined 

to  make  an  attack  on  the  French  coast.    By  this 

time,   however,    the   secret  of  both   expeditions 

was  out,  and  along  the  Channel  shores  of  France 

an  excited  look-out  was  maintained  for  van  Tromp. 

"  The  nation  of  sliopkeepers,"  as  Louis  XIV.  had 

called  the  Dutch,  had  failed  to  keep  pace  with 

de  Ruyter's   plans.     The  paltering  preparations 

of  their  divided  and  jealous  admiralties,  always 

behindhand  when  despatch  was  of  the  essence  of 

the  affair  in  hand,  had  worked  more  completely 

to   npset   all   calculations    than   the   abilities    of 

their  antagonist.    De  Ruyter,  complaining  bitterly 

of  the  inertia  which  had  delayed  him  so  long, 

steers  for  a  point  about  20  leagues  west  of  Cape 

Finnisterre.     Sixty-seven   years   of    a   hard  life 

have  not  dimmed  the  courage  or  the  endurance 

of  the  stout  Zealander,  and,  once  more  on   his 

favourite  element,  he  is  looking   forward  to  the 

crowning  success  of  an  enterprise  peculiarly  his 


MflKil iPn^ 


--^-^llA^-^>.'JlM:'i^'■^'S.v  T>  ..  J,  >.rffc,jra..<; 


206 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTER. 


own.  Somewhat  like  our  own  Raleigli  in  liis 
later  years,  he  stakes  his  fame  on  a  difficult  and 
large  endeavour  for  the  benefit  of  his  country, 
and  finds  defeat  where  success  only  was  looked 
for. 

On  the  1 9th  of  June  the  fleet  was  about  latitude 
34°  nortli.  In  three  divisions  (Engel  de  Ruyter 
being  sent  in  advance  to  order  the  preparation  of 
provisions),  the  Dutch  sighted  Madeira  on  tlie 
21st,  andTeneriffe  on  the  24th  of  June.  Arrived 
in  the  harbour  of  Santa  Cruz  before  Ms  son  got 
there,  de  Ruyter  obtained  some  few  necessaries, 
left  sealed  orders  for  the  portion  of  his  command 
whicli  had  not  yet  come  up,  and  the  same  evening, 
with  a  north-east  wind,  made  all  sail  first  south 
and  then  S.S.AV.  Early  in  July  (2nd  Looman  says, 
Brandt  says  19th  in  one  place),  Martinique  was 
sio-hted  on  the  N.W.  and  St.  Lucia  on  the  S,W., 
and  Captain  Lyncourt  was  sent  on  to  Martinique, 
MS  liaving  the  greatest  knowledge  of  the  island, 
to  ol)tain  information  as  to  the  disposition  of  the 
Frencli  forces.  lie  ascertained  that  a  month 
earlier  instructions  liad  been  received  from  France 
in  all  tlie  islands  to  prepare  for  the  Dutch  attack. 
The  Frencli  yacht,  IlirondeUej  a  few  days  before 
de  Ruyter's  arrival,  had  brought  particulars  of 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


207 


J^ 


his   fleet,  which,  as   the   admiral   states   in   his 
despatch,  extremely  surprised  him.* 

The  sugar  fleet  had  left  some  15  days  before, 
on  its  way  home,  and  other  French  merchant 
vessels  and  men-of-war  had  placed  themselves 
under  the  guns  of  Fort  Cul-de-sac,  the  most 
important  strong  place  of  the  French  in  the 
islands,  of  which  the  proverb  said,  "  He  who 
is  master  of  Cul-de-sac  has  all  the  country  in 
his  power."  There  were  20  guns  mounted  on 
the  fort,  which  was  garrisoned  by  400  to  500 
troops,  and  was  situated  in  a  valley  and  partly 
protected  by  woods.  It  had  good  ramparts, 
though  they  were  not  entirely  finished,  and  high 
palisades,  strengthened  by  large  cane  stalks, 
which  were  mterlaced.  The  five  or  six  war 
vessels  in  the  harbour  had  40  guns,  which  com- 
manded the  approaches  to  the  fort.  It  was 
decided  to  endeavour  to  carry  the  fort  by  assault. 
There  was  some  delay  in  arriving  at  Cul-de-sac, 
owing  to  a  calm  off  the  coast ;  but  at  eleven  o'clock 
on  the  20th  of  July,  a  landing  was  effected  in 
a  bay  to  the  west  of  Cul-de-sac,  by  means  of 
pinnaces  and  long  boats,   the  water  being  too 

♦  This  account  is  "based  on  de  Enyter's  letter  to  the  Prince 
of  Orange,  which  is  given  in  full  by  Brandt,  pp.  C34-638. 


208 


LIFE   OF  DE   RUYTER. 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


209 


shallow  for   large  vessels  to   approach   there   or 
in  the  harbour.     A  thousand  men,  protected  by 
the  fire  from  the  men-of-war  (which  drove  the 
defenders    from     the    beach),    landed    in    three 
divisions,  and,  led   by   Colonel   Uittenhove,   ad- 
vanced  towards    the   fort,   while   supports   were 
being  embarked  in  the  empty  boats  which  they 
sent  back.     They  were,  however,  met  by  a  heavy 
fire  from  the  fort,  the  harbour,  and  the  enemy's 
infantry,    now   under   cover   of   the   woods   and 
bushes  in  front  of  them.     From  the  slopes  of  a 
steep  mountain  on  the  western  side  of  the  bay 
they  also  experienced  a  smart  fire.     Little  pro- 
gress was  made,  and  it  became  evident  that,  even 
if  the  lower  fortification  were  captured,  the  fire 
from  the  harbour  would  make  it  untenable.     De 
Ruyter  therefore  drew  the  troops  off'  at  night. 
He  had  lost  in  the  as.^ault  143  men  killed,  and 
378  wounded.     Not  having  been  able  to  water 
properly  at   Tenerifl^,  and  being   short  of  fire- 
wood, it  was  decided  next  day  to  pass  along  the 
coast  towards  the  island  of  Dominique,  in  order 
to  obtain  these  requirements  from  the  natives. 
This  was  accomplished  by  the  23rd  of  July,  and 
on  the  25th  a  fresh  council  of  war  decided  that, 
as   all    the    islands   were   as    fully   prepared   as 


Martinique,  and  as  mere  pillage  would  not  be 
worth  the  trouble  it  would  give,  the  wisest 
course  would  be  to  return  to  Europe.  The  fleet 
accordingly  cleared  Dominique  on  July  26th,  and 
touched  at  Nevis  on  the  28th,  exchanging  there 
some  prisoners  for  meat  and  fruits,  after  which 
St.  Christophers  and  St.  Eustace  were  passed. 

The  return  voyage  was  very  slow,  owing  to 
successive  calms,  until  the  24th  of  August,  when 
in  latitude  38"*  the  fleet  passed  into  a  violent  storm, 
which  dispersed  it  for  some  days,  and  then  early 
in  September   the  wind  was  persistently  against 
it.     The  crews  sufilered  severely  from  scurvy  and 
dysentery  during   the  long  voyage,  which    ter- 
minated  only   on   the    30th  of  September.      De 
Euyter  entered  the  port  of  Goree  after  midnight 
of  that  day,  after  he  had  seen  all  his  other  vessels 
pass  in,  and  advised  the  prince  next  day  of  his 
return.     He  does  not  seem  to  have  been  depressed 
by   the   want   of  success   of  his  expedition,   the 
causes  of  which  emanated  from  the  want  of  pru- 
dence and  secrecy  in  the  Dutch  admiralties,  and 
in   the    procrastination   and   carelessness   of  the 
preparations.      On  the  authority  of  his  son  Engel 
de  Euyter,  Brandt  says  that  the  expedition  was 
short  of  munitions,  and  that  the  unsuitable  bullets 

? 


%% 


I 


210 


LIFE  OF  DE  RUYTEB. 


} 


furnished  proved  one  of  the  difficulties  of  the 
troops.  This  explains  why  nothing  further  was 
attempted  after  tlie  assault  of  Cul-de-sac. 

In  December,  two  important  Englishmen  called 
at  de  Ruyter's  house  in  Amsterdam,  They  were 
the  Britisli  ambassador,  Lord  Arlington,  and 
Lord  Ossery,  and  the  occasion  for  their  visit  was 
an  order  from  Charles  II.,  to  invite  de  Ruyter  to 
pay  a  visit  of  a  few  weeks  to  London.  The  old 
admiral  also  received  a  letter  from  Alderman 
Bakwell  (?  Bakewell),  stating  that  the  Duke  of 
York  and  Prince  Rupert — whom  he  had  just  seen 
with  the  king — would  be  delighted  to  see  him  in 
England.  De  Ruyter,  however,  preferred  his 
own  quiet  life  in  Amsterdam  to  the  gay  existence 
of  the  English  court,  and  politely  declined  the 
intended  honour.  His  son  Engel,  who  had  been 
knighted  by  Charles,  now  received  fresh  tokens 
of  his  esteem,  and  van  Tromp  accepted  the  in- 
vitation extended  to  him,  and  was  treated  with  the 
greatest  consideration  by  the  court  and  the  public. 
The  winter  of  1674,  and  the  spring  and  part 
of  the  summer  of  1675,  were  spent  by  de 
Ruyter  at  Amsterdam,  in  the  house  he  rented 
in  the  Isle  of  Waals,*  and  which  it  is  generally 

*  This  is  B apposed  to  be  tke  house  now  occupied  by  the 
Salvation  Army. 


"ADrEU  For.   EVER." 


211 


admitted  was  the  house  occupied  by  his  son  Engel 
after  his  death.  Engel  and  the  three  married 
daughters  of  de  Euyter  were  all  of  his  children 
alive  at  this  time.  A  niece  seems  to  have  lived 
with  him  and  his  wife  occasionally.  A  close 
description  of  the  interior  of  the  house  in  Enfrel 
de  Ruyter's  time,  five  years  after  his  father's 
death,  has  been  preserved,  thanks  to  a  Dutch 
antiquarian.* 

We  have  no  difficulty  in  picturing  to  ourselves 
therefrom,  the  square  whitewashed  vestibule 
(common  to  Dutch  houses),  from  the  centre  of 
which  a  beautifully  made  model  of  a  warship  was 
suspended,  while  a  number  of  pictures  repre- 
senting the  sinking  of  a  Spanish  galleon,  the 
fight  of  the  Salamander  and  the  five  Turkish 
pirates  off  Salee,  and  other  naval  subjects,  gave 
colour  and  interest  to  the  walls. 

A  map  of  the  world  was  also  conspicuous,  and 
the  family  arms  carved  in  wood  over  a  doorway. 
A  cupboard  for  arms,  at  the  further  end  of  the 
vestibule,  contained  muskets,  pistols,  and  swords 
captured  at  different  times.  A  side  room,  where 
the  marble  floor  was  covered  by  a  Turkey  carpet, 

♦  K.  de  Eoever,  Keeper  of  the  Archives,  Amsterdam. 
**Uit  onze  oude  Amstelstad,"  pp.  76-85. 


I 


212 


LIFE  OF  BE   RUYTER. 


i( 


ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


213 


showed  carved  tables,  and  chairs  covered  with  red 
damask,  ap:ainst  the  white  damask  hano-insrs,  on 
which  various  pictures  were  displayed,  and  the 
coloured  insignia  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael.  Dutch 
taste  varied  the  inner  room  in  colour  and  material, 
the  wall-hangings  were  in  red  damask,  the  fur- 
niture of  the  same  tint  in  velvet,  while  tlie  inevi- 
table silver  and  linen  cupboard,  of  large  size,  had 
in  it  a  plentiful  supply  of  these  articles  and  two 
silver  ewers  and  basins.  A  large  picture  hung 
above  the  mantelpiece,  and  opposite  to  it  was  a 
portrait  of  de  lluvtfr  and  his  family.  Three 
valuable  statues  and  a  silver  flowerpot  added  to 
the  decorative  aspect  of  the  room.  Among  the 
treasures  of  the  admiral  in  the  same  place,  were 
the  King  of  Denmark's  medal,  silver,  and  silver- 
gilt  snuff-boxes  and  sii^net,  large  gold  chains 
from  the  kings  of  Denmark,  France,  and  Spain, 
with  medals  and  portraits,  swords  with  gold 
and  coral  liilts,  and  a  cane  studded  with  diamonds. 
A  simply  furnished  ante-chamber  was  hung  with 
striped  silk.  The  "  Zaal;'  usually  the  most  stately 
of  the  reception  rooms  of  old  Amsterdam  houses, 
was  up  a  few  steps,  and  was  nsed  in  1681  as 
a  bedroom,  exquisitely  furnished  by  Engel  de 
Ruyter.     We  are  not  able  to  form  an  opinion  of 


its  appearance  in  his  father's  day.  Below  it  was 
the  "  garden-room,"  used  as  a  dining-room.  On 
a  small  table  lay  the  "  States  Bible,"  of  which  a 
chapter  was  read  before  every  meal.  The  furni- 
ture was  simple,  the  chairs  with  cushions,  but 
uncarved,  and  at  the  end  of  the  room  a  bed 
indicated  that  it  was  occasionally  used  as  a  guest- 
chamber.  In  the  passages  of  the  house  were  the 
house  clock,  linen  press,  and  maps.  On  the  first 
floor,  besides  the  study,  there  were  only  servants' 
rooms. 

Such  was  the  small  but  tasteful  home  in  which 
the  admiral,  now  beginning  to  age  somewhat, 
spent  the  last  happy  months  of  his  life  in 
Holland.  He  was  now  to  be  roused  from  the 
pleasant  companionship  of  wife  and  niece,  and  the 
society  of  the  genial  and  quaint  old  burgesses  of 
Amsterdam,*  to  face  an  enemy  on  the  high  seas. 

*  The  sneer  at  the  "nation  of  shopkeepers"  could  not  at 
any  time  fully  summarize  the  characteristics  of  the  Dutch. 
It  took  no  note  of  the  instincts  which  were  developed  in  the 
art  of  Kembrandt,  Euysdael,  and  Hals,  so  intensely  national 
and  human,  nor  of  the  humorous  common  sense  which  gave 
the  Dutch  a  claim  to  the  second  place  among  European 
nations  as  the  originators  of  proverbs.  Among  the  pecu- 
liarities of  the  nation,  may  be  mentioned  the  cleanliness  of 
the  h'  mes  as  contrasted  to  the  malodorousness  of  the  canals, 
the  icindmilh  to  draw  water,  the  mode  of  inquiring  the  hour 
by  asking  hm  hie  it  is,  and  the  facts  that  instead  of  a  rear- 


y 


I 


f!vj;A"Jli^'t-ir'y-'^-- y  ^' 


*y<..jtf  i 


LIFK  OF  DE  RUYTEK. 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


215 


Spain,  the  on-glnal    antagonist,   but  for   some 
time  past  the  firm  ally  of  Holland  in  her  struggle 
with  France,  was  suffering  from  the  rebellion  of 
her  subjects  in  Sicily.     Fostered  by  French  agents, 
the  inhabitants  of  Messina  had  been  in  a^state 
of  ^successful  icvult  against  their  sovereign  since 
1673.     Spain,  finding  that  the  French  were  gain- 
ing  ground,  applied  in  I67.i  to  Holland  to  lend 
her  naval  forces  in    the   common   cause  against 
France  in  the  ifediterranean,  and,  above  all,  she 
entreated  that  de  Ruyter  should  Tuidertake  the 
command  of  the  united  squadrons.     Spain  would 
contribute    a    jiortion   of    the    e.xpenses    of    the 
expedition. 

It  was  agreed  by  the  States  General  to  send 
18  warships,  of  which  there  were  three  carrying 
from  70  to  76  guns,  and  12  smaller  vessels" 
including  four  fireships,  with  1012  guns  in  all^ 
and  4800  men.  De  Ruyter  expressed  the  opinion 
that  a  few  more  heavy  Dutch  vessels  would  be 
more  valuable  than  the  proposed  Spanish  com- 
plement  of  22  vessels,  but  his  advice  on  this 
point  was  not  followed.    A  councillor  of  one  of 

admiral,  they  had  a  "schout  by  nacht"  (scout  by  night) 
and  that  their  seat  ,.f  goyernment  is  not  the  capital  of  the 
country. 


the  admiralty  colleges,  having  suggested  to  de 
Ruyter  that  his  advancing  age  was  beginning  to 
make  him  lose  his  old  courage,  he  replied  promptly, 
"  No,  I  have  not  begun  to  lose  courage,  I  risk  my 
life  freely  for  the  State  ;  but  I  am  surprised,  and 
regret,  that  their  High  Mightinesses  should  so 
expose  the  flag  of  the  State."  The  meanness  of 
the  States  G-eneral,  and  the  risk  run  in  sending 
so  small  a  fleet  was  generally  recognized.  When 
he  was  urgently  asked  to  go  with  the  fleet, 
de  Ruyter's  answer  was,  "  The  ministers  of  the 
State  must  not  beseech  me,  but  bid  me.  If  I  am 
ordered  to  go  with  a  single  ship,  and  to  carry 
the  flag,  I  should  not  refuse.  Wherever  the  State 
wishes  to  risk  its  banner,  I  am  ready  to  risk 
my  life." 

He  suffered  about  this  time  from  toothache, 
colic,  and  gravel,  so  severely  as  to  be  kept  in 
bed,  „a  W.  frie„*  ftea  enh^ted  Um  not  to  go 
to  sea.  His  resolution  was  only  the  more  decided 
to  go.  "  I  shall  make  this  campaign,"  he  said, 
"  even  if  I  have  to  be  carried  on  board  the  ship." 
With  something  of  the  same  foresight  of  death 
that  Nelson  had  in  leaving  on  his  last  voyage  to 
the  Spanisli  coast,  did  de  Ruyter  leave  for  Cadiz. 
"  My  friend,  I  say  adieu  to  you,"  were  his  words, 


■■'SL, 


_^  % ^^  ^  __ 


2  I  (l 


LIFE   OF  DE    RUYTEK. 


"iiiul   not  only  adieu,   but  adieu  for  ever,  for  I 
don't  expect  to   come  back.     From  this   expedi- 
tion  I  eliall  not  return— I  feel  it."     On  the  24tli 
of  July,  he  bade  farewell  to  the  States  General, 
but    it    waH    some    weeks    before    the    prevalent 
contrary   winds  allowed  of  his  leaving  Tlelvoet- 
8luis.       On    the    1 1th    of  August,    1675,   in    the 
./>-//v^/A/,  he  left  the  shores  of  ITolland  for  the 
last  time.     The  progress  of  tlie  ieet  was  slow. 
Orders   were   sent   from    the   States   General   to 
capture  any  Swedish  vessels  that  de  Ruyter  might 
encounter,  the   King   of  Sweden   having  ioined 
Louis  Xiy.,  and  declared  war  against  the  United 
Provinces;    then    he   was   instructed    to    lie   ofl' 
Blankenberg  or  Dunkirk,  and  then  again  to  con- 
tinue on  his  route. 

He  therefore  proceeded  but  slowly,  chasing 
some  Frencli  privateers  on  to  the  English  coast 
as  he  passed.  The  Ardeulmrg,  which  was  sailing 
very  badly,  was  sent  on  by  de  Ruyter  under  an 
escort  of  five  other  vessels.  He  addressed  a  com- 
plaint to  the  Grand  Pensionary  on  the  subject 
of  the  overloading  of  this  vessel.  The  fleet 
reached  Cadiz  on  the  26th  of  September.  There  he 
received  a  note  from  the  Queen  Regent,  requesting 
him  at  once  to  go  with  the  Spanish  fleet  to  Ivi9a, 


\ . 


' 


IC 


ADIEU   FOR   EVER.** 


217 


there  to  take  Don  John  of  Austria  on  to  Italy, 

without  waiting  for  the  other  Spanish  ships  which 
would  soon  be  ready  to  follow. 

De  Ruyter  very  politely  declined  to  move  for 
the  present.  His  fore  and  mainmasts  were 
damaged,  and  he  was  obliged  to  repair  them 
before  going  further.  The  governor  of  Cadiz 
and  the  Duke  of  Medina  Celi  were  extremely 
polite  to  Ruyter,  who  left  Cadiz  on  the  7tli  of 
October  for  Alicante.  There  another  despatch 
was  received  from  the  Queen  of  Spain,  asking  for 
five  ships  to  be  sent  back  to  Cadiz  to  take  the 
Spanish  Admiral  to  Italy.  This  request  was 
refused  in  a  courtly  letter  by  de  Ruyter,  who 
pushed  on  to  Vineros,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
8th  of  November.  Four  vessels,  which  had  been 
sent  to  Algiers  with  Captain  Berkhout,  now 
rejoined  the  fleet,  and  at  Vineros,  de  Ruyter 
received  a  communication  from  Don  John  of 
Austria,  natural  brother  of  Charles  II.  (of  Spain), 
informing  him  that  a  royal  command  had  caused 
his  departure  for  Madrid,  and  enclosing  a  gold 
chain.  The  young  king  had  only  mounted  the 
throne  on  the  6th  of  November,  being  then  about 
twelve  years  of  age.  De  Ruyter  now  decided  to 
sail  for  the  Isle  of  Ivifa  the  same  day,  to  water 


'I 


'■   -  •  ....  ■  -f~i-j-.ii.tj;aii^-?4»W»ygii-  • ' 


li  L  u 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTER. 


and  obtain  firewood,  the  high  surf  on  tlie  Spanish 
coast   rendering   this   very   difficult.     A   violent 
nor'easter,   which  raged   all  night,  dispersed  his 
fleet  and  drove  liim  back  somewhat  damaficed  l)y 
a  collision.     His   vessels   were   reunited   on   the 
14th  at  Barcelona,  whence  he  despatched  a  letter 
to  the  Admiralty  of  the  Maas,  complaining  of  the 
sails  and  cables   with  which  his  ships  had  been 
provided.     In  his  fifty-seven  years  of  sea  life  he 
had  never  seen  worse  sails.     A  number  of  Spanish 
grandees  visited  liim  at  Barcelona,  and  he  subse- 
quently addressed  a  letter  to  the  little  king,  in 
which  the   courtliness  of  his   congratulations   is 
mingled  with  a  twice  lupcated  recommendation  to 
strive   for   peace  amonir  the  nations.     Tlie  next 
day,  the   ITtli  of  iSovember,  a   letter  from    the 
Spauisli    king,  which    had    crossed    de   Ruyter's 
letter,  was  handed  to  him.     It  requested  him  to 
wait    the   arrival    of   Don   John   before   sailing:. 
Much    ;iirainst   his   will    the  admiral   complied. 
About  this  time   he  was  suffering  greatly  from 
gravel.     For  tliree  days  he  was  in  great   pain ; 
but  on  the  28tli  of  November  (Brandt),  or  accord- 
ing to  Looman,  the  18th,  he  received  a  letter  from 
Don  John,  saying  that  he  was  prevented  by  illness 
from  joining  tlie  fleet. 


i 


I 
I 


"ADIEU   FOR  EVER." 


219 


Much  annoyed  by  the  loss  of  time  which 
Spanish  dilatoriness  had  caused  him,  de  Ruyter 
sailed  the  same  day,  having  provisioned  satis- 
factorily some  days  before.  On  the  3rd  of 
December  he  cast  anchor  in  the  Bay  of  Cagliari, 
Sardinia. 

The  Spanish  viceroy  received  him  with  every 
mark  of  distinction.     Six  of  his  vessels  which  he 
had  sent  to  Genoa  here  joined   him.     A  letter 
from  the  King  of  Spain  arrived,  requesting  de 
Ruyter  to    go  to   Milazzo    in    Sicily,   there   to 
concert    with    the    Marquis    de    Villa    Franca, 
Viceroy   of    Sicily,   and    the   Prince   of   Monte 
Sarchio,  and  stating  that  the  United  Provinces 
had  agreed  to  an  extension  of  six  months  in  the 
time  their  fleet  should  be  at  the  Spaniard's  dis- 
posal.     Captains  Schey  and   Noyrot   were   now 
sent   forward   to  Naples  to  order  de  Haan,  who 
had  gone  there  against  instructions,  to  repair  to 
Sicily  at  once;  and  on  the  13th  of  December  de 
Ruyter  sailed   for  Milazzo,  where  he  arrived  on 
the  20th,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  viceroy  and  his 
grandees. 

The  next  day  de  Ruyter  proposed,  in  his  con- 
ference with  the  viceroy,  that  the  navy  and 
army  should  commence  operations  at  once;  but 


i^ 


/' 


220 


LIFE   OF   l)E   IIUYTEK. 


Spanish  iirof^rastiiKitinn  V.mH  still  to  play  a  further 
part  in  tlie  drama,  ami  iiotlung  was  done  for  the 
iiioment. 

About  this  time  letters  were  received  by 
Domine  Theodoor  Westhovius,  the  chaj)laiii  of 
the  Dnteh  flHr«l,ip,  from  Naples,  written  on  behalf 
of  certain  Protestant  clerjirymen  from  Hungary, 
who  were  i>iiyuiij  llie  peiiiUty  of  their  reh'gion, 
by  doin!>*  forced  labour  vn  pnnvicts'  dress  in  the 
galleys  at  Naples. 

lyjiij-viiv  ui  these  pastors  of  the  Itetbrmcd 
and  Lutheran  Churches,  liad  been  maliciously 
accused  of  intriguing  against  the  Emperor  of 
Austria.  Summoned  to  answer  these  charges, 
they  appeared  before  the  Assembly  at  Prcsburg, 
in  iG7 1.  There  it  had  been  found  impossible 
to  prove  anything  against  them,  and  though 
the  charges  were  not  withdrawn,  they  were,  for 
purely  religious  reasons,  handed  over  as  slaves 
to  tlie  army,  and  tlie  greater  part  of  them  were 
taken  to  Naples.  The  treatment  they  received 
from  the  first  was  so  cruel,  that  six  of  the  number 
were  unable  to  get  to  Naples;  two  more  died 
from  the  blows  and  ill-treatment  they  received; 
three  escaped.  Tliree  more  died  in  July,  1675, 
80  that  on  the  5th  of  September  there  were  only 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


221 


4^ 


n 


27  left,  of  whom  three  were  taken  to  Sicily. 
These  facts  were  fully  substantiated  by  evidence 
which  was  furnished  by  the  States  General  later 
on.  No  task  could  have  been  more  congenial 
to  de  Ruyter  than  the  liberation  of  these  unhappy 
men,  and  it  doubtless  derived  additional  zest  for 
him  in  the  fact  that  he  was  at  the  moment  in 
the  service  of  a  Catholic  king,  endeavouring  to 
reimpose  the  galling  despotism  of  Spain  on  her 
Italian  subjects  in  Sicily. 

De  Ruyter  at  once  applied  to  the  Marquis  of 
Villa  Franca,  and  caused  him  to  write  the  Viceroy 
of  Naples  respecting  the  release  of  the  prisoners. 
In  addition  he  wrote  himself.  He  also  sent 
Westhovius  to  search  for  the  three  clergymen 
who  had  been  sent  to  the  galleys  in  Sicily.  They 
had,  however,  been  successfully  hidden,  and  could 
not  for  the  time  be  found. 

On  the  22nd  of  December,  Vice-Admiral  de 
Haan  arrived  at  Palermo,  where  he  allowed 
himself  to  be  delayed  several  days  by  the  Prince 
of  Monte  Sarchio,  who  appears  to  have  been  more 
anxious  to  remain  at  Palermo  than  to  venture 
into  any  waters  where  the  French  might  possibly 
be  encountered.  After  several  interchanges  of 
notes,  de  Haan  entered  the  Bay  of  Milazzo,  Ist 


/  II 


2Q9 


LIFE  OF  DE  KUYTER. 


[j 


of  Janiiary,  1676,  with  seven  warships  and  four 
other  vessels. 

l)e  iiiiyter  had  meanwhile  been  sending  out, 
in  accordance  with  liis  custom,  small  squadrons 
of  observation,  to  keep  liini  fully  informed  of  tbe 
movements  of  the  French. 

With  de  Haan  came  further  correspondence 
from  the  Hungarian  clergymen,  further  evidence 
and  instructions  from  the  States  General  to  de 
Ruyter  to  make  incessant  and  most  strenuous 
exertions  to  obtain  their  liberty. 

The  Sicilian  viceroy  was  immediately  requested 
to  write  again  to  the  Viceroy  of  Naples,  and 
de  Euyter  made  known  his  intention  of  taking 
the  reunited  Dutch  fleet  througli  the  Straits  of 
Messina  to  cruise  in  search  of  the  French  on  the 
south  coast  of  Sicily. 

The  Spanish  shijjs  were  said  to  be  still  unready 
to  sail,  but  de  liuyter  put  to  sea.  On  the  4th  of 
January  he  was  cruising  between  the  Isle  of 
Stromboli  and  Messina,  when  he  learnt  from  a 
passing  felucca  that  a  fleet  of  from  28  to  29  sail 
liad  been  seen  near  the  island  of  Alicudi  on  the 
preceding  day.  A  despatcli  was  received  from 
the  Viceroy  of  Naples  stating  that  be  had  received 
advice  from  the  Isle  of  Gorgona,  off  the  coast  of 


"ADIEU   FOR  EVER." 


223 


f 


Tuscany,  to  the  effect  that  a  fleet  of  31  vessels, 
supposed  to  be  French,  had  been  sighted  there. 

In  the  evening  of  Ihe  same  day,  a  report  came 
from  the  watchers  on  another  island  that  they 
had  seen  20  vessels  pass.  Some  Spanish  vessels 
joined  de  Ruyter  on  the  Sth  of  January,  but  a 
strong    south-west   wind    drove    them    back   to 

Milazzo. 

In  the  evening,  the  watch-fires  on  the  Isle  of 
Lipari  indicated  to  tlie  Dutch  that  a  fleet  had  been 
seen  from  there.  Be  Ruyter  now  decided  to  go 
west  next  day  to  search  for  the  French,  in  pre- 
ference to  attempting  to  pass  Messina  in  such  a 
wind  as  prevailed.  He  informed  the  viceroy,  who 
replied  tliat  he  had  ordered  his  ships  to  reinforce 
the  Dutch,  and  added  that  it  wm  rumoured  that 
the  Prince  of  Monte  Sarchio  would  come  out  of 
Palermo  with  three  warships. 

The  next  day  de  Ruyter  went  in  search  of  the 
French,  between  the  isles  of  Lipari  and  Stromboli, 
and  as  far  as  the  island  of  Salina.  One  of  his 
look-outs  having  seen  about  28  sail  in  the  north- 
west,  at  about  six  leagues'  distance,  he  changed 
his  course  and  went  north  all  night,  in  the  hope 
of  falling  in  with  the  enemy.  All  vessels  were 
ordered  to  keep  close  to  the  flag,  but  if  lost  in 


^.A,tjai&U8i^.Aa;^<bJiti:airi^  '^■■'■i3iAWiai»ji 


LIFE  OF  DE  EUITER. 


the  fog,  were  to  rendezvous  at  Milazzo.  The 
French  were  siglitecl  at  three  leagues'  distance  in 
the  north-west,  at  daybreak,  on  the  7th  of  January, 
going  W.N.W.  With  ;i  wind  from  S.S.W.,  de 
Ruyter  went  in  pursuit,  with  all  sails  set,  the 
Spanish  vessels  following  his  fleet. 

The  French  were  endeavouring  to  get  as  near  the 
wind  as  possible.  About  twelve  o'clock  de  Ruyter, 
with  10  of  his  fastest  sailers,  had  almost  come  up 
with  them,  but  was  compelled  to  wait  for  the  rest 
of  his  fleet  before  venturing  to  attack.  It  was 
near  three  o'clock  beiurc  he  was  able  to  give  the 
signal  to  form  in  order  of  battle,  and  by  the  time 
that  the  order  was  executed,  it  was  evident  that 
the  winter  day  was  too  far  spent  to  permit  of  an 
engagement  being  commenced  without  great  risk. 
He  had  done  liis  utmost  to  force  a  battle  on  the 
French,  Jis  he  snys  in  his  letter  quoted  by  Looman  ; 
and,  had  they  wished,  they  could  easily  have  been 
fought  that  ila\'.* 

*  Captain  Malian,  "The  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon 
History,"  p.  616,  says  he  follows  the  French  accounts 
entirely  in  his  description  of  the  events  of  the  7th  and  8th 
of  January.  Had  he  read  de  Ruyter's  letter  above  referred 
to,  he  would  surely  not  have  assumed  that  he  had  intended 
to  act  merely  on  the  defensive  on  the  7th  of  January,  The 
figures  Mahan  quotes  are  20  French  sliips  of  the  line,  and  six 


I 


« 


i' 


I 


ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


225 


It  was  now  announced  to  the  Dutch  commanders 
that  the  battle  was  postponed  till  the  following 
day.     They  were  summoned  to  the  flagship,  that 
the  admiral  might,  as  of  old,  imbue  them  with 
the  spirit  of  his  patriotism.     Every  preparation 
was  made  for  the  morrow.     De  Euyter  could  not 
contemplate  without  some  anxiety  *  the  result  of 
the  impending  conflict.     He  took  every  precaution 
to  ensure  his  having  the  weather  gage,  with  the 
choice  of  attack  in  the  morning.     The  wind  in- 
creased in  strength  in  the  evening,  and  the  Spanish 
vessels,  on  account  of  its  severity,  it  is  said,  left 
him,  with  one  exception.     His  own  fleet  consisted 
of  18  line  of  battle  ships,  of  which  the  three  largest 
carried  only  from  70  to  76  guns  (Brandt),  and 
the  12  next  largest,  only  30  to  54  guns  (Looman). 
He  had,  in  addition,  four  fireships. 

The  fleet  now  opposed  to  him  was  more  power- 
ful than  he  had  reason  to  expect.  Of  20  to  24 
warships,  the  smallest  was  as  large  as  de  Euyter's 

fireships ;  and  18  Butch  warships  of  smaller  size,  four  fire- 
ships,  and  one  Spanish  vessel.  His  account  of  this  battle 
is  even  more  than  usually  interesting. 

The  Catalogue  of  the  Flushing  Exhibition,  1894,  says, 
"  38—1676, 23  Jan.  Brief  van  den  Admiraal  door  zijn  secre- 
taris  gesckreven.     Aan  idem  Bericht  zeeslag,  8  Jan.,  1676." 

*  See  Brandt,  p.  668. 

Q 


h<\'arUilLYS^ 


226 


IJPK    ov    m 


IV  L   1  1  lAi. 


<l:i,o:sliip.  wliilo  fl        uns  raiigLHl   from  .^O  (o  SO 
per  V0S.01.     To  tl>.^..  xwi,  added  four  Hro«hips, 
Taliot,  ,111(1  aiiotlior   \         1.     Do  I.'iivfor  plaocl 
'   '^"■■'1  Nr>>,l  midway  betwcoii  las  lino  ami  the 
French,  with  onlors  tn  fn-o  a  gun  :.(   ,voiyiiu..r 
auriii-  the  in-ht,  it  the  French  kept  on  the  same 
lack  as  the  ])„(-'-  •   l.nt    if  they  were  obsorve.l  to 
clianp^e  their  course,  the  watcli-ship  wn=  to  return 
to    tlio    Diiiol,    tleet,   firing   incessantly.      Unfor- 
tunately, th  „tin,>l  .]„•,.  was  unable  to  keep  us 
pla,        vuig  lo  tlie  force  of  the  wiml.  au,l  ha, I  ),, 
return  to  tlie  HutcJi  line. 

All  nisrht  lonir  the  veerinn-  wiml  gave  alternate 
hope  10  either  iJeet ;  hut  with  (lavHn:lit.  on  the 
8th.  it  w:,.  ovidrnt  thai,  blowing  a.s  u  then  was 
Irom  W.S.W..  tlie  French  had  tln^  <rnod  fortune 
to  1--  ..-  tlie  ..Acied  weather  -age.  The  two 
fleets  were  uow  hoUv.^n  tho  .viands  of  Stroniboli 
and  Salina.  and  de  Jiuyter  had  so  placed  his  ships 
that  tliey  lay  het\N.va  the  enemy  and  Jklessina, 
^^•here  the  French  liad  a  flotilla,  which  they  were 
anxious  to  join. 

The  hnttle  hnn-.,^  ^^  the  French  bearing  down 
with  the  W  .S.W.  wind  in  a  southerly  course,  and 
m  such  a  perfect  line  as  to  call  forth  the  exclLa- 
tion  from  de  Riiyter  that  he  had  never  seen  the 
enemy  approach  in  better  order. 


c: 
Q 


Q 


o 

o 

o 
to 

A) 


0) 

c 
Q 


— 1 

o 

CO 

CO 

""■ 

s 

X  • 

O 

00 

QC 

z 

1- 

< 

05 

1 

3 

c 

DQ 

cd 

L. 

•  • 

o 

X 

o 

I 

z 

o 

kJ 

H 

oc 

3 

Q 


r^^^^'    OF   DL    uLYTER. 


^'*'?'^'^U N  wliile  t]  rano^ed  from  50  to  80 

I'^'        ^"'''-     ^c>  tilt'-'  '     .,    added  lour  iireships, 

.::;ili()t,  and         »tlier  vessel.     Do  Itin-for  }^}^n^^,] 

■'■  '^'^'^**'"  """       '''  ■^^^^*i^'  Ijctwecn  his  line  and  the 

durii)-  th,.  nJ^ht,  li  .iich  kept  on  tlie  same 

tack  as  tli<>  Dntcli  •  ^-^  if  tliey  were  observed  to 
dmn^c  their  coiu'se,  the  watcli-shf|i  xvns  fn  rotiirn 

^^  ■^"''  '*'-''-^'  ■  ■'  iinng  incessantly.  Unfor- 
tunately, this  seT!ti?irl  ^i,n.  1  '-^Me  to  kuuu  Uis 
riar  v-fu;];'  to  liic  force  of  the  wind,  and  liad  to 
return  to  tin'  Dtitch  h*nr. 

All  niirht  lonir  th<  Mnn<]  o-        alternntt^ 

'^^P^   ^' '  ^'ifl'*'i'  ii*-''  !  :    ^it  with   dayliirht,  .>n    the 

otil,  it  Was    evil]  1  Lm-  .i 

li'oin   W.S.W.,  tiie   1  had  the  p-ood  fV>rfnru. 

^"  1" '"""  '''^'  ' "'■•-'■'i-'l    A\-ratlier  f^ni^r.       The  two 

^^^"^^   ^     /  A'het.v,.er,   fl  '.,,!  ..emboli 

and  Salina,  and  de  Kuytrr  had  so  fdaced  his  sldin 
that  tliry  lay  h.  ,;u  Uaj  eneiuy  and  ilessma, 
wliere  the  Frencli  liad  a  flotilla,  wliicli  tliey  were 
anxious  to  join. 

Ihe  battle  !  f.v-  tii,^  Iv,vncli  bearing*  down 

with  tlie  W.S.W.  wind  in  a  southerly  course,  and 
m  such  a  i^uiiuct  line  as  to  call  forth  tlie  exclama- 
tion fVom  de  Ruyter  fh.t  he  liad  nev.i  seen  the 
enemy  approach  in  better  order. 


c: 
Q 


a; 
Q 


o 

o 

o 


-♦J 

O 


to 
Q 


0) 

13 


J 

CD 

r^ 

o 

CD 

CQ 

^■M 

2 

X  - 

O 

00 

oc 

• 

H 

< 

c/5 

"0 

o 

Q) 

3 

-oo 

c 

OQ 

td 

L. 

•  • 

o 

I 

o 

X 

z 

o 

Id 

h- 

DC 

3 

U- 

Q 

"ADIEU  FOR  EVEB." 


907 


1 

I  J 


He  himself  was  getting  as  near  the  wind  as 
possible,  and  the  lines  of  the  two  fleets  gradually 
converging,  the  respective  vans  came  in  touch 
about  ten  o'clock.  The  first  Dutch  division  was 
led  by  Eear- Admiral  Verschoor,  the  French  by 
the  Marquis  Preuilli  d'Humieres,  and  friend  and 
foe  were  soon  closely  mingled  in  the  fire  and 
smoke. 

De  Euyter,  with  the  Dutch  centre,  was  soon 
after  opposite  the  French  commander,  Admiral 
Duquesne.  The  two  flagships  approached  one 
another  in  silence,  until  they  were  placed  along- 
side when  the  Dutchman  fired  a  broadside  which 
was  at  once  replied  to  by  another  from  the  French 
flagship,  and  then  for  three  hours  an  unceasing 
combat  was  carried  on  between^  the  vans  and 
centres  with  such  industry  that  de  Ruyter's 
despatch  stated  he  had  never  been  in  a  more 
severe  fight.  AYe  know  from  the  memorandum 
which  de  Euyter  prepared  in  1673,  that  the 
tactics  he  recommended  for  adoption  in  the 
position  his  fleet  was  in  on  the  morning  of 
the  battle,  were  to  try  to  get  as  near  the  wind 
as  possible,  and  then  by  a  resolute  and  swift 
attack  endeavour  to  break  the  enemy's  line  a-t 
the  centre.      Whether  he  intended  to  try  this 


\ 


228 


LIFE  OP   DE   RUYTER, 


manoeuvre  on  the  i)resent  or^casion  is  uncertain, 
but  it  is  quite  clear,  that  not  only  from  the 
position  in  tlie  line  of  his  rear  division  rendering 
it  unable  to  join  early  in  the  fight,  but  the  fact 
that  de  Ilaan,  its  commander,  had  allowed  it  to  be 
sei)arated  by  some  considerable  interval  from  the 
centre,  entirely  prevented  any  possibility  of  its 
success.  On  the  contrary,  it  seemed  likely  for  a 
time  that  Gabaret  would  cut  off  de  Ilaan  from 
the  Dutch  centre. 

Duqucsne,  finding  that  he  was  not  making  any 
great  impression  on  de  Ruyter,  sent  in  succes- 
sively three  fireships  against  him,  all  of  whicli 
were  destroyed  in  turn  without  damage  to  the 
Dutch  flagship,  and  the  battle  continued  to  rage 
between  the  two  foremost  divisions  until  half- 
past  four,  when  tliey  drew  asunder.  De  Haan's 
squadron,  as  it  was  the  last  to  begin,  maintained 
the  fight  a  little  longer,  but  the  clusing  in  of  the 
day  prevented  further  exertions  on  either  side. 
As  the  sun  was  setting  the  dark  mass  of  one  of 
the  large  French  vessels  was  seen  by  the  Dutch- 
men to  sink  beneath  the  waves.  Both  sides 
claimed  the  victory,  but  impartial  criticism  will 
probably  suggest  a  drawn  battle,  in  which  the 
allantry  and  skill  of  the  Dutch,  who  had  all  day 


( 


"ADIEU   FOR  EVEE." 


229 


Of 


resisted  a  larger  and  more  efficient  fleet,  carrying 
an  infinitely  greater  weight  of  metal,  are  most 
worthy  to  be  remembered.  The  Dutch  estimated 
their  loss  at  80  men  killed  and  60  wounded,  of 
which  seven  were  killed  and  30  wounded  in  the 
flagship,  and  tliey  liad  lost  Rear-Admiral  Ver- 
schoor,  but  no  other  general  officer  or  captain 
was  either  killed  or  wounded.  The  Essen  when 
being  towed  away  next  morning  sank,  the  only 
boat  lost  by  the  Dutch. 

The  French  are  said  to  have  lost  400  killed, 
among  whom  two  captains.  Duquesne  was,  with 
several  important  officers,  among  the  wounded. 
As  already  noted,  he  had  lost  one  ship.  During 
the  night  preparation  was  made  for  the  next  day, 
which  brouglit  a  calm,  in  which  the  fleets  drifted 
apart.  On  the  10th  and  11th,  de  Ruyter  went 
in  search  of  the  enemy,  but  could  not  draw  them 
into  another  engagement,  although  the  French 
were  seen  to  have  received  large  reinforcements. 
The  same  day  the  Prince  of  Monte  Sarchio  sent 
to  ask  de  Ruyter's  views,  now  that  the  French 
fleet  appeared  to  be  40  strong. 

The  Dutch  council  of  war,  held  on  the  12th, 
recommended  that  the  French  should  be  drawn 
away  from  their  harbour  at  Messina  into  the  open 


Alii  •  1  ^ f 


I JFR   OF   DE   IIUYTKR. 


1  ( '  ■  t 


iiru]  tln'^iv  wiili  ilu^  1io!|t  of  tlio  P|miiifir(lf3, 
and  ill  spil<*  of  tin?  i^-rciit  «lis|iarity  of  inntiluH'H, 
inui:-lil  ;ti;-;ii,n.  In  tlie  ;il't€rn,(,)on,  do  liuyiur  and 
his  ]M"nirir>:i1  oIlircM-s  w^^it    on  hoard   tlie  Prince  *>F 

jMonIo  Surcino,  and  :\  nnxed  eonncil  of  iHitcli  and 

The  decision  of  flu^  Dutcli  conneil  of  war  wan 
.:^n\-   r'(,n-erseil,  Mnd  it  \*.  '      ■  "reed  fl.iat  tlie  iliiteh 

ftirn-i'>f-\\  ...  „  iTi  tlifi  elinTrno'l  of  TiipnrJ, 

and  llasicalnio  t(>wards  Milazzo. 

liOi ifi'.N  w i'vo  vrrcixed  fro!u  tlie  ALirijiiiM  de 
'\'illa  FmncM  :\  W-w  i]:)\>.  later,  COllgrat til :vt in p:  de 
Uuvteron  his  snccess  m  the  battle  of  the  JSth,  and 

1  n  i  I  M  1  a.  u  1  i;'    .  W  u  i  li  i  •    ►. " ».  1 1  i '  *  i .  i '»   t  f'l  at  UB  llOP'Cu    t  ll  G  U 1 1 1  Cd 

would  aj^^ain  attack  the  Freneli.  De  Iviiyter, 
liowever,  bronglit  his  lleet  to  Milazzo  on  the  IStli 
of  JaiurrrA"      n  ill  wif^'^'-^^it  orders  aa  to 

tlie  i^roloniratioii  of  tlie  term  of  liis  service  witli 
the  ^panlil^us,  and  1         railed  of  the  position  of 

m.,„     "■iiTifv  to    .^   onr"^ ^  i^^quire  what  reply  had 

'  .  received  Irom  the  \  iceroy  of  Naples  respect- 
'^  "  ^^le  lluu^ariau  clergymen.  Villa  Franca's 
answer  was  that  the  reply  received  was  so 
favourable,  that  he  had  no  doubt  that  they  would 
be  rel.  !.  He  entreated  de  Kuyter  to  remain 
to        'guard  the  interests  of  Spain.     De  Ruyter 


S^ta^SKiML^!-^''^.'^''!   .-f     jy;. 


"ADIEU  FOR  BTBE." 


231 


was,  notwithstanding,  determined  on  leaving,  and 
iiiadu  all  hiB  preparations  accordingly.  Meantime 
the  French  fleet,  though  ho  mucli  stronger  than 
the  Allies,  had  deemed  it  j)rudeirt  to  avoid  another 
contest,  and  in  order  to  reach  Messina  had  gone 
westward  of  Trapani  and  Marsala,  and  then 
south  of  Sicily  and  northwards  again  on  the 
eastern  side,  thus  making  the  whole  tour  of  the 
island.  TIio  viceroy  continued  liis  supplications 
verbally,  and  by  letter,  that  do  Ruyter  would 
r(Mriai!i  to  protect  the  ypanish  interests  in  f^icily 
— lie  oilered  liandsome  gifts  to  obtain  his  end. 
All  was  in  vain,  de  Ruyter 's  time  had  expired, 
and  the  States  General  were  very  strict  with 
their  ccmimanders  in  such  cases,* 

Ue  therefore  would  stay  no  longer,  but  he  con- 
scnted  to  the  request  to  call  at  Naples,  before 
leaving  tie  Mediterranean,  and  eleared  on  the 
22nd  of  January.  Passing  leisurely  by  the  Isle 
of  Sardinia  to  tlie  little  island  of  Gorgona,  he 
there  met  the  five  vessels  he  had  sent  north  at 
the  end  of  January,  and  received  a  letter  from  the 
Prince  of  Orange^  telling  him  that  negotiations 

♦  Tho  maintenance  and  provisioning  of  the  fleet  from  the 
middle  of  October  amounted  to  about  000,000  florins  (Brandt 
and  Looman). 


■  I 


232 


LIFE  OF  DE  KUYTER. 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


233 


were  in  progress  for  exteadm.  the  term  of  his 

services  to  Spain  for  anotlier  six  montlis,  and  that 
he  was  therefore  to  remain  in  the  Mediterranean 
for  the  present.*  A  letter  from  the  Secretary  of 
the  Admiralty  of  Amsterdam  at  the  same  time 
told  him  tliat  the  States  General  had  not  yet 
requested  tlie  Admiralty  of  Amsterdam  to  send 
provisions  to  the  fleet ;  but  as  the  Spanish  repre- 
sentatives in  Holland  liad  promised  to  ask  the 
Viceroy  of  Naples  to  attend  to  this,  he  would 
doubtless  do  so.  De  Ruyter  now  proceeded  to 
Naples,  where  he  was  boarded  by  the  viceroy 
(Marquis  dc  los  Velez),  and  a  retinue  of  nobles 
and  o-entlemen,  wlio  accosted  him  in  Spanish  state- 
lincss  with  every  manifestation  of  joy  at  his  visit. 
Dc  lUivter  was,  however,  thinking  of  a  matter 
whicli   he    had    more   at  heart,   and    after    the 

*  This  letter  was  brought  by  Engcl  de  Riiyter,  who  did 
not  seo  his  father  on  this  occaHiou,  as  bis  oixlers  were  to 
convey  tlic  Smynui  licet  to  Ilolland  at  once.  The  admiral, 
who  was  never  to  see  his  sun  again,  wrote  him  an  official 
letter  which  he  terminated  as  follows:  "I  send  yon  with 
this  two  half  aemen  (a  Dutch  measure)  of  Rhine  wine,  a 
little  barrel  of  Dutcli  butter,  a  small  barrel  of  English  dried 
lieiTing  for  yourself,  and  an  Amsterdam  honey-cake  for  little 
Micliiel.  I  hope  that  you  and  the  friends  will  enjoy  them 
in  health;'  "  Little  Micliiel "  was  his  grandson  and  name- 
sake, of  whom  he  wa&  \  ciy  luad  (Loomao,  p.  412). 


I 


I 


courtiers  had  dispersed  themselves  on  his  ship, 
he  said  to  the  obsequious  viceroy,  "  Two  letters 
have  been  written  to  your  Excellency,  requesting 
the  release  of  the  Hungarian  pastors  now  exiled 
and  in  the  galleys.     It  is  said  that  their  chains 
are  lightened,  but  they  have  not  received  their 
freedom.    That  I  again  ask  of  your  Excellency, 
as  I  do  not  consider  that  these  men  deserve  such 
a  punishment.      Your   Excellency  does  me   the 
honour  to  welcome  me  with  many  signs  of  esteem 
and  affection,  at  which  I  ought  to  rejoice.    But 
I  wish  your  Excellency  to  know  that  at  present 
I  cannot  rejoice.     What  pleasure   can   I  derive 
from  all  the  honour  done  to  me  so  long  as  my 
dear  brothers,  the  clergymen,  are  in  the  galleys, 
and  so  ill-treated  ?    If  your  Excellency  wishes  to 
do  anything  for  me,  and  to  show  me  any  real 
affection,  now  professed  to  me,  let  the  proof  be 
given  in  releasing  these  unhappy  men  from  their 

chains." 

The  old  admiral  had  spoken  with  great  earnest- 
ness and  emotion,  and  the  tears  came  to  his  eyes 
as  he  finished.  His  listeners  were  all  greatly 
touched,  and  had  evident  difficulty  in  restraining 
their  feelings.  The  viceroy,  in  reply,  admitted 
to  have  received  the  letters  addressed  to  him,  and 


-  .^.f^-%  \'*^^i^^. 


■"  tJ^ 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVEB." 


235 


regretted  the  condition  of  tlie  prisoners ;  but  said 
he  had  not  obtained  the  permission  of  the  king 
his  master  to  act,  adding  that  the  pastors  were 
the  prisoners  of  tlie  Emperor  of  Anstria,  and  it 
would  be  necessary  to  apply  to  the  King  of  Spain 
for  their  release.  As  he  o^^oke,  the  uncontrollable 
grief  and  disappointment  of  de  Ruyter  became 
more  and  more  evident  to  the  little  group  about 
him.  The  words  ho  used  are  not  recorded,  but 
such  was  the  effect  produced  by  him  on  the 
viceroy,  that  he  consented  to  take  the  responsi- 
bility of  releasing  the  prisoners,  on  condition  of 
their  going  on  board  the  Dutch  vessels  and  re- 
maining out  of  the  territories  of  the  King  of  Spain. 

The  satisfaction  of  de  Ruyter  with  this  result 
was  very  warmly  expressed,  and  Domine  West- 
hovius  at  once  proceeded  to  the  galleys,  whence 
he  returned  with  twenty-three  pastors.  Next  day 
he  found  another  one  in  the  slaves*  hospital,  very 
ill,  but  loaded  with  eliains,  and  two  others  were 
subsequently  brought  out  of  a  prison. 

All  of  the  twenty-six  men  thus  released  were 
in  a  pitiable  condition  —  haggard  and  worn, 
marked  with  bruises  and  scars,  half-naked,  or 
with  clothes  in  rags,  many  of  them  advanced  in 
years,  and  witli  white  hair.     They  were  marched 


\  -I 


ii 


It 


fi 


on  board  the  flagship  of  their  deliverer.  When 
they  had  manifested  their  thankfulness  to  him, 
the  admiral  said  to  them,  ''You  should  thank 
God  ;  I  have  only  done  my  duty.  Now,  I  under- 
stand that  some  of  you  are  of  the  Reformed  Church, 
and  some  are  Lutherans."  They  answered  in  the 
affirmative,  and  de  Ruyter  continued,  "  You  have 
now  found  that  the  Papists  are  your  enemies,  and 
have  treated  you  as  one  people,  and  have  injured 
vou  in  the  same  manner."  One  of  the  Reformed 
Church  replied,  "  Yes,  we  have  been  like  brothers, 
bearing  one  common  cross  with  one  heart  and 
soul,  and  when  we  received  any  alms  or  aid  we 
used  them  also  for  the  Lutherans,  and  they  in 
like  manner  shared  with  us." 

De  Ruyter  then  concluded  the  interview  with 
these  remarks  :  "  Go  home  then,  do  your  utmost, 
each  of  you,  with  your  own  people,  that  you 
may  become  one ;  I  shall  never  receive  more 
delightful  thankfulness  than  that." 

This  occurred  on  the  12th  of  February,  and 
de  Ruyter  rounded  the  happiness  of  the  day  by 
landing  at  Naples  with  his  general  officers  and 
captains,  and  thanking  the  viceroy  for  his  kindness 
in  the  matter  of  the  prisoners. 

Orders  were  now  given  to  provision  the  fleet 


i 


} 


( 


236 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


for  70  days,  and  on  the  1 7tli  of  February,  prepara- 
tions were  made  for  sailing  the  next  day.  The 
viceroy  came  on  board  with  a  portrait  of  the 
Spanish  king  set  in  diamonds,  a  mark  of  admira- 
tion for  de  Iluyter.  On  the  19th,  the  fleet  cleared 
for  Palermo,  wliere  it  remained  cleaning  and 
repairing  from  tlie  23rd  of  February  till  the  14th 
of  March,  when  de  Euyter  again  put  to  sea  in 
conjunction  with  the  Spanisli  fleet. 

The  two  fleets  were  now  by  agreement  placed 
under  the  leadersliip  of  the  Spanish  vice-admiral, 
Don  Francisco  Pereira,  whose  10  warships  and 
two  smaller  vessel,  taed  the  ccatre.  DeEujtcr 
commanded  the  van,  and  de  Haan  the  rear.  They 
reached  Milazzo  on  the  20th  of  March.  On  the 
17th  the  States  General  liad  voted  an  increase  of 
six  large  vessels  (of  (50  guns)  for  de  Ruyier's 
contingent,  provided  the  King  of  Spain  agreed 
to  pay  two-thirds  of  the  cost.  The  letters  enclos- 
ing this  resoUition  only  arrived  after  de  Ruyter's 
death.  Meanwhile,  at  Milazzo,  a  council  of  war  of 
the  allied  Dutch-Spanish  fleets  had  decided  to 
attack  Messina  by  land  and  sea.  De  Ruyter's 
birthday  was  celebrated  with  great  rejoicings  on 
the  24th  of  ilarcli.  Next  day  the  Hungarians 
were  placed  on  an  English  ship,  which  carried 


'J 


« 


ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


237 


them    to    Venice,  whence    they  were  taken  to 
Amsterdam  or  other  places,  as  they  chose. 

The  fleets  once  more  put  to  sea  on  the  26th  of 
March,  and  were  opposite  Messina  on  the  following 
day.  De  Ruyter  speedily  convinced  himself  of  the 
imprudence  of  attempting  to  attack  Messina  from 
the  sea,  but  it  required  a  few  days  to  bring  the 
Spaniards  over  to  his  opinion,  during  which  time 
it  was  seen  that  the  Sicilian  French  army  on 
shore  had  repulsed  the  Spanish  troops  there. 
Another  council  of  war  was  called.  It  was 
decided  unanimously  not  to  do  anything  against 
Messina,  but  to  ask  the  viceroy  if  the  approaching 
French  squadron  from  Toulon  might  be  sought 
out  and  attacked.  The  weather  was  at  this  time 
very  trying  to  the  ships  in  the  Bay  of  Messina. 
However,  on  the  6th  of  April,  a  letter  from  the 
viceroy  was  laid  before  the  council,  suggesting 
that  the  fleets  should  make  for  Agosta,  or 
Augusta,  on  the  east  coast  of  Sicily,  about  18 
miles  north  of  Syracuse,  and  endeavour  to  take 
it.  With  great  difficulty,  owing  to  the  tempest 
whicli  was  now  raging,  the  Dutch  got  their 
vessels  into  the  Bay  of  Agosta  by  the  20th  of 
April ;  but  on  the  next  day  they  were  summoned  to 
come  out  to  meet  the  French  fleet,  which  had  sailed 


\ 


238 


T  TT?T?     ni?     Pit?     T?TTVT'T?P 


from  .Mu.  Cilia,  and  was  then  in  sight  of  Catania. 
Tlie   council   of  war,    liiirriedly  called   together, 
resolved  to  take  the  united  fleets  to  sea  at  once  ; 
and  by  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening,  with  a  wind 
from  the  land,  they  put  out.     At  daybreak  next 
morning,  the   22nd  of  April,  de  Ruyter,  being 
tlien  about  three  leagues  north  of  Agosta,  sighted 
the  French   on   the   horizon   to   the   north-west. 
They  proved  to  be  30  ships  of  the  line,  three 
frigates,   and   at   least   seven   firesliips,  carrying 
2172    cannon    and    10,GG5    men.*      Lieutenant- 
General  d'Al moras  led  the  van.  Admiral  Duquesne 
(commanding  in  chief)  had  the  centre,  and  Yice- 
Admiral  Gabaret  the  rear.     The  allied  fleet  was 
a  motley  collection   of  ships.      De   Euyter's    17 
men-of-war  formed  the  mainstay  of  it ;    besides 
these,  he  had  six  snows,  luur  fireships,  and  two 
storeships.      Tlie   guns   and   men   of  the   Dutcli 
contingent   amounted   to    852   cannon  and  4500 
men.    Tlie  Spanish  vessels  were  10  ships  of  the 
line,  of  whicli  only  about  five  were  expected  to 
be  of  any  real  service.     One  of  them  carried  70 
guns  and  740  men,  and   they  had   about  seven 
galleys,   which   they  used   for   towing   damaged 

*  Brandt  and  Looman.     Loomau  says,  p.  421,  that  five  of 
the  ships  had  from  00  t-j  100  guns--. 


s  \  ' 


I 
I'll 


*'   I 


4 
I 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


239 


ships  out  of  line.  Such  was  the  constitution  of 
the  fleet  to  which  the  incompetency  of  the  Dutch 
admiralties  had  entrusted  the  safety  of  their 
gallant  sailors  and  their  greatest  leader. 

De  Kuyter,  under  the  arrangement  made  when 
tlie  fleet  quitted  Palermo,  led  the  van,  Vice- 
Admiral  Don  Francisco  Pereira,  the  commander, 
led  the  centre,  and  de  Haan  the  rear. 

The  two  navies,  making  the  best  use  of  a  failing 
wind,  were  not  far  apart,  when  about  midday  they 
fell  into  a  calm,  which  kept  them  in  suspense  well 
into  the  afternoon.  Then  the  welcome  breeze 
freshened  from  the  S.E.,  and  de  Ruyter  bore  down 
with  the  full  strength  of  the  wind  to  the  last  of 
his  combats. 

Like  the  aged  Ulysses  of  the  poet,  and  in  the 

clime  of  Ulysses,  the  brave  old  admiral,  with  hi& 
comrades  of  many  a  fight  before, 

"  not  now  that  strength  which  iu  old  days 
Moved  earth  and  heaven  .  .  . ; 

but  still 


C( 


One  equal  temper  of  heroic  hearts, 

Made  weak  by  time  and  fate,  but  strong  in  will 

To  strive,  to  seek,  to  find,  and  not  to  yield," 


sought  out  the  foe. 


jH 


u 


240 


LIFE  OF  DE   RUYTER. 


ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


241 


Fastening  their  sails  tightly  against  the  mast, 
as  the  wind  was  with  them,  the  ships  of  the  van 
came  crashing  into  d'Ahneras'  division  at  four 
o'clock,  the  mighty  form  of  Etna  spreading 
upwards  from  the  Sicilian  shores,  a  silent  back- 
ground of  the  scene.  De  Ruyter  laid  his  vessel 
alongside  of  d'Almeras,  and  when  within  pistol- 
shot,  fired  his  first  broadside.  Fear  him  Count 
van  Styrum  in  tlie  Lion  admirably  seconded  him. 
The  French  refusing  to  give  way,  the  fight 
became  very  hot  here ;  but  the  centre  (the 
Spanish  division)  was  allowed  to  remain  to  lee- 
ward, and  though  cannonading  the  French 
violently,  was  too  far  off  to  be  of  service  to  the 
van  or  of  injury  to  the  French,  while  it  kept  de 
Haan  with  the  rear  out  of  the  fight  for  a  con- 
siderable time.  It  was  said  by  some  of  the 
Spaniards,  afterwards,  tliat  they  were  afraid  to 
advance  with  the  small  quantity  of  powder  which 
they  had  on  board.  After  a  time  the  Dutch 
gunnery  in  the  van  was  having  its  effect  on  the 
French  vessels  opposed  to  them,  which  as  they 
retired  were  succeeded  by  others.  De  Euyter  was 
standing  on  the  poop,  giving  his  orders  with  his 
usual  calmness  about  half  an  hour  after  the  fijrht 
began,  when  a  bullet  struck  his  left  foot  on  the 


instep,  carrying  away  a  large  part  of  the  foot, 
breaking  the  two  bones  of  the  right  leg  about  a 
hand's  breadth  above  the  ankle,  and  hurling  him 
down  some  seven  feet  from  the  place  where  he 
was  standing.     These  were  the  first  wounds  he 
had  received  from  an  enemy  since  boyhood.  When 
picked  up  he  was  found  to  have  a  large  cut  on 
the  head.     When    lifted   in  the  ready   arms   of 
his  men,  de  Euyter's  first  thought  was  one  of 
thankfulness  at  being  preserved  to  complete  the 
battle.     "  Gracious  God,''  he  exclaimed,  "  I  thank 
Thee   with  all   my   heart  for    having   kept   me 
through   so   many   different   dangers   with   such 
kindness,  and  now  for  visiting  me  in  this  Fatherly 
way.     Let  this  punishment  serve  for  the  salva- 
tion of  my  soul."     He  was  heard  praying,  "  Lord, 
take  care  of  our  country's  fleet.     Spare  mercifully 
our  officers,  sailors,  and  soldiers,  who  for  a  little 
money  have  to  bear   so  much    discomfort    and 
danger.     Give  them  courage  and  strength  that 
they  may  gain  the  victory  under  Thy  blessing." 

Captain  Callenburgh,  who  took  the  command 
of  the  Eendmgkt  when  de  Euyter  was  wounded^ 
acted  under  his  advice,  and  kept  his  condition  a 
secret  from  the  other  vessels. 

Some  of  Duquesne's  ships  from  the  centre  had 


242 


LIFE  OF   DE   RUYTER. 


already  been  engaged  with  de  Euyter's  division, 
wlien  Duquesne  himself  came  with  the  rest  of 
his  centre,  and  de  Ruyter  sent  a  boat  to  summon 
the  Spanish  admiral  to  a  nearer  contest,  adding 
that  the  approaching  victory  would  be  rendered 
more  complete  by  liis  immediate  presence.     The 
Spaniard  did  accordingly  approach,  though  not  as 
closely  as  was  required,  but  de  Haan  was  now  able 
to  get  nearer  also,  and  to  occupy  the  French  rear. 
In  de  Ruyter's  neighbourhood  the   fight  was 
for  a  short  time  as  fierce  as  ever.     The  Sjiiegel, 
Captain  Schey,  was  so  damaged  as  to  be  towed 
out  of  battle,  and  the  same  fate  befel  the  Damietta, 
Captain  Uitterwyk.      IJetween  the  firing  of  the 
broadsides,  the  wounded  admiral  called  to  his  men, 
"  Courage,  my  children,  courage ;  that's  the  way 
to  gain  the  victory  !  " 

Eight  French  sliips  passed  the  Eendraght,  two 
of  them  flagships,  but  the  perfect  training  de 
Ruyter  had  given  lier  crew,  enabled  them  to  fire 
the  guns  as  quickly  as  muskets,  and  each  of  her 
enemies  was  glad  to  sheer  off.  The  French  had 
found  victory  impossible,  they  begaa  to  give 
ground  after  sunset,  and  now  at  seven  o'clock 
they  were  in  full  flight. 

By  the  aid  of  the  moonlight,  de  Haan  was  able 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER," 


243 


to  chase  them  till  eight  o'clock,  when  he  was  re- 
called, as  there  were  indications  of  a  coming  storm. 
Next  morning  the  French  could  only  be  seen 
from    the    mastheads,    far    in    the    north,    and 
apparently  steering  by  Cape  del  Faro,  towards 
Calabria.     By  de  Ruyter's  orders  the  fleet  went 
south  to  Syracuse,  his  vessels  not  being  in  a  state 
to  face  severe  weather.     His  own  main,  fore,  and 
mizen-masts  were  so  damaged,  as  also  his  great 
yard-arm  and  his  mizen-yard,  that  the  danger  of 
using  sails  would  liave  been  extreme.     Seventy 
cannon  shot  had  passed  through  his  great  topsail, 
46  through  the  small  topsail,  and  over  20  through 
his  mizen  topsail,  without  counting  the  holes  made 
by  large  and  small  bullets.     De  Ruyter,  in  his 
despatch    to    the    Prince   of    Orange,   said   the 
Spanish  admiral  had  been  far  off  under  the  wind, 
but  that  finally,  having  kept  closer  to  the  wind, 
he  had  actively  cannonaded  the  enemy,  though 
without  much  effect.     Of  de  Haan  he  made  no 
special  mention.     Captain  Noyrot  died  on   the 
25th  of  April  of  his  wound.     The  Dutch  indeed 
escaped   with    a    small    number   of    killed    and 
wounded,  considering  the   severity  of  their  en- 
gagement with  the  French  van.     The  latter  lost 
Lieutenant-General  d'Almeras,  and  two  captains 


S^t%  *¥ 


LIFE   OF   DE   EUYTER. 


killed,  had  five  captains  wounded,  and  some 
hundreds  of  seamen,  or  soldiers.  Duquesne  wrote 
to  the  French  king  that  his  ships  would  not  be 
in  a  fit  state  to  put  to  sea  till  after  the  summer, 
on  account  of  the  large  quantity  of  cannon  shot 
they  had  received  in  the  battle.  Ie  spite  of  all 
the  fli'^ndvantages  he  had  to  contend  with — bad, 
small  ships,  useless  allies  who  insisted  on  dividing 
the  Dutch  squadrons — de  liuyter's  last  effort  had 
been  crowned  with  success.  The  physicians  did 
not  at  first  fear  for  de  liuyter's  recovery.  He 
passed  the  first  night  without  changing  their 
opinion ;  but  the  next  day  the  dressing  of  his 
wounds  gave  him  intense  pain,  which  he  bore 
with  his  usual  patience,  saving  that  he  cared  little 
about  his  miserable  body,  if  his  soul  might  be 
saved.  He  prayed  that  patience  might  be  given 
him  to  the  end,  gave  particular  instructions  for 
the  treatment  of  the  wounded  sailors,  and  again 
turning  his  thoughts  to  his  country  exclaimed, 
"  Oh,  that  I  must  lie  here,  and  be  unable  to  do 
my  duty  to  the  couaUy.'  On  the  fourth  or  fifth 
day  of  his  illness,  a  fever  set  in,  which  he  failed 
to  throw  off,  and  which  increased  day  by  day. 
He  set  his  mind  now  entirely  on  his  future  state, 
repeating  portions  of  Scripture,  and  especially  the 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVEB." 


245 


Psalms,  the  6th,  8th,  and  9th  verses  of  the  42nd 
Psalm,  and  the  71st  verse  of  Psalm  119. 

When  those  about  him  spoke  of  his  wife  and 
family,  he  said  his  family  would  have  increased 
his  trouble  had  they  been  present.  He  hoped  to 
see  them  again  in  joy  and  eternal  felicity.  The 
fever  having  greatly  increased  on  the  28th  of 
April,  began  to  diminish  at  midday  of  the  20th,  and 
with  it  the  strength  of  de  Ruyter  ebbed  slowly 
away.  He  was  now  only  anxious  to  go  quickly. 
He  repeated  the  words  of  the  C3rd  Psalm,  begin- 
ning, "  Oh  Grod,  thou  art  my  Grod,"  and  as  speech 
forsook  him,  he  indicated  that  he  wished  his 
chaplain  to  pray  for  a  happy  deliverance  for  him. 
Then  he  quietly  endured  his  intense  pain  until 
between  nine  and  ten  o'clock  in  the  night,  when 
the  little  group  of  sorrowing  officers  saw  that 
the  seven  days*  agony  had  passed,  and  the  great 
admiral  had  found  peace. 

The  body  of  de  Euyter,  embalmed  by  his  friends, 
was  sent  home  and  buried  in  the  Nieuwe  Kerk, 
Amsterdam,  with  all  the  honours  his  country 
could  heap  upon  it.  The  heart  and  lungs  were 
buried  in  a  little  island  in  the  historic  Bay  of 
Syracuse,  where  the  flowing  and  the  ebbing  tide 
roll  daily  round  the  resting-place. 


.«■». . 


i^lliiif^MiiyiP*"-^"'^'^-"'^  -'°*aaEiii^ifch>ii-Mfl.A>.f.--a 


24G 


LIFE   OF   DE   RUYTER. 


No  more  in  this  world  could  the  meanness  and 
short-sightedness  of  admiralties  or  of  allies  affect 
him.  The  six  additional  warships  might  come 
or  go.  Never  slioiild  he  again  push  liis  prow 
througli  the  foam-flecked  waves,  and  hold  his  life 
at  the  bidding  of  the  leaders  of  the  State.  Nor 
could  the  dukedom  with  wliich  Spain  hoped  to 
honour  a  hero  whose  only  thought  was  duty, 
reach  him  now. 

In  the  career  of  de  Ruyter,  notliing  is  more 
remarkable  than  the  fact  that  each  upward  step 
was  gained  without  any  striving  for  it  on  his 
part.  In  fact,  in  several  cases,  the  greatness 
could  only  be  thrust  upon  him  when  it  had  been 
pointed  out  to  him  that  his  duty  to  the  State 
absolutely  required  his  acceptance  of  it. 

If  we  except  the  artistic  instincts  of  the  Dutch, 
then  de  Ruyter  is  the  highest  embodiment  of  the 
ffreat  characteristics  of  liis  race.  A  born  sailor 
and  trader,  with  the  aptitudes  of  a  business  man, 
with  a  marked  facility  for  acquiring  languages, 
assisted  by  a  memory  which  never  deceived,  he 
was  endowed  with  a  spirit  of  adventure,  an 
equable  perseverance  which  was  not  easily  upset, 
and  witli  the  highest  courage  and  resource  in  the 
face  of  danger.     His  genius  for  naval  science  was 


"ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


24T 


such  that  he  was,  in  the  words  of  Captain  i\Iahan, 
with  which  this  volume  begins,  "the  foremost 
figure,  not  only  in  the  Dutch  service,  but  among 
all  the  naval  oflScers  of  that  age."  On  the  other 
hand,  he  was  distinctly  not  a  politician,  and  his 
Dutch  common  sense,  which  made  him  despise 
all  empty  show,  led  him  to  dislike  public  life, 
while,  to  balance  this,  obedience  to  duty,  and  his 
vast  tolerance,  made  him  the  best  of  citizens.  A 
truly  Dutch  love  of  the  simple  and  even  lowly 
in  life  (not  observable,  perhaps,  nowadays  to  a 
casual  onlooker),  which  led  him  to  sweep  out  his 
cabin  and  tend  his  chickens  after  a  great  victory, 
with  the  warm  heart  he  bore,  made  his  home-life 
remarkable,  even  in  Holland.  The  earnestness 
of  his  nation  took  with  him  the  form  of  religion, 
and  in  so  doing,  it  fed  upon  noble  and  simple 
thoughts,  which  made  his  life  far  higher  than 
those  of  the  patriarchs  he  studied ;  and  to  this 
it  is  partly  owing  that  among  the  world's  great 
fighting  men,  whose  spirits  have  been  touched 
with  heroism,  there  are  none  whose  lives  have 
joined  more  real  nobility  and  sweetness  than  that 
of  the  son  of  the  beer-drawer  of  Flushing.* 


*  The  de  Ruyter  de  Wildt  papers  (including  about  1100 
letters),  acquired  by  the  Dutch  Government,  have  now  been 


Q 


LIFE  OF   DE   RUYTER. 


The  land  to  which  de  Ruyter  had  devoted 
himself  in  life  and  death,  calls  for  a  word  in 
conclusion.  The  signs  of  change  in  the  position 
of  Holland  as  a  great  power,  and  as  the  carrier 
of  the  world,  tov.urds  the  end  of  de  Riiyter's  life, 
had  been  more  evident  to  contemporaries  than 
they  are  apt  to  be  to  the  reader  of  the  brilliant 
exploits  of  her  sons  in  those  years.  As  the 
foliage  of  autumn,  iu  a  certain  stage,  resembles 
that  of  spring  so  closely  as  hardly  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  it,  ilii}  decay  of  a  nation's  strength 
is  not  always  at  first  distinguishable  from  its 
Ijroirf/i,  The  deterioration  was  none  the  less  real. 
In  this  condition  of  things  England's  policy 
,va,  only  a  single  cause.  France,  the  felse 
friend,  considered  that  the  trade  of  Holland  was 
"usurped"  from  other  nations,  and  in  time  of 
peace,  poured  lier  privateers  into  the  channel  at 
a  large  annual  cost  to  Holland,  The  foundations 
of  the  latter's  trade  were  being  sapped,  and  in 
1GG9  and  1670  it  had  hardly  yielded  any  profit. 
Holland's  expenses  were  large,  and  though   her 

searched,  but  reveal  notliing  new  about  the  admiral.  The 
recent  searches  in  the  Archives  at  the  Hague  in  connection 
witli  Venezuela  have  yielded  nothing  more  with  regard  to 
him. 


'ADIEU  FOR  EVER." 


249 


credit  enabled  her  to  borrow  at  fonr  per  cent., 
she  was  feeling  the  weight  of  her  burdens  more 
severely  than  ever.  The  bearing  of  the  Dutch 
navy,  in  its  successful  defensive  actions,  might 
hide  its  real  state,  but  so  pinched  for  men  had  the 
country  become  even  then,  that  the  army  was 
only  to  be  kept  up  by  large  drafts  on  the  navy. 
The  very  first  thoughts  of  the  Prince  of  Orange 
were  how  to  reduce  it  still  further.  To  this 
succeeded  the  parsimony  in  the  equipment  of  the 
Mediterranean  fleet,  with  its  disastrous  result. 
And  when  the  indomitable  prince,  become  King  of 
England,  diminished  the  Dutch  fleet  to  30  warships, 
left  the  mercantile  marine  unprotected,  reduced 
the  admirals  to  lower  rank  than  English  captains, 
and  refused  to  admit  the  beautiful  wares  of  Delft 
free  into  England,*  it  was  perceived  that  a  change 
had  come  over  the  country  and  the  hero  who  had 
once  been  willing  to  "  die  in  the  last  ditch "  for 
Holland,  but  was  now  looking  to  a  more  con- 
spicuous  resting-place  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

The  seal  was  then  put  to  Holland's  destiny, 
and  it  is  hardly  open  to  doubt,  that  so  small  a 
nation,  no  matter  how  heroic,  must  have  found 
the  same  termination  to  its  glories  in  course  of 

*  Davies,  "History  of  Holland,"  vol.  iii  pp.  214,  216,  22G. 


250 


LIFE  OP  DE   RUYTER. 


time,  given  the  same  circumstances  in  its  sur- 
roimdincfs.  And  the  same  fate  awaits  any  nation, 
however  great  or  populou.  wWch  forg't,  «,». 
greed  and  envy  rise  refreshed  every  morning  from 
the  pillow  on  both  sides  of  the  Channel,  and 
which,  having  the  greatest  interests  in  food  and 
commerce  beyond  seas,  refuses  adequately  to  pro- 
tect them. 


h 


I 


APPENDIX  I. 

In  the  "Memorials  of  Admiral  Sir  Wm.  Penn,"  there  is 
reprinted  "A  list  of  the  Parliament's  Fleet  now  upon  the 
coast  of  Holland,  June,  1652." 


MesohUion  (Blake) 

Guns. 
68 

(N.B 

. — Names 

omitted 

Guns. 
here 

James  (Penn  V.-A.) 

60 

for 

brevity.) 

Andrew 

60 

28 

Trmnph 

68 

36 

Victory 

60 

22 

Bali  thaw  (Ayscue) 

62 

40 

Fairfax  (Lawson) 

62 

14 

Speaker 

62 

14 

Garland 

48 

12 

(N.B. — Names  omitted 

here 

46 

for  brevity.) 

42 
42 
42 
42 
40 

JL\J 

46 
40 
42 
42 
42 
30 

40 

Merchant 

Ships. 

40 

32 

30 

40 

26 

34 

22 

32 

46 

32 

24 

40 

24 

40 

24 

40 

fcp*c.'»  ;*;iiiaiiMte<!B«wifc.  j:t/'- « ani,.*a«..<  .^ » 


iffjl^- 


252 


APPENDIX. 


N.B.— The  Boyal  Socere'tgn  alias  Commonwealth,  100  guns 
with  1400  men,  being  repaired. 

"  A  further  list  of  names  of  the  Parliament's  Navy  for  the 
present  expedition  against  the  Hollander." 


(.iims. 


62 

60 

46 
46 
42 


Guns. 
46 

46 

40 

40 

40 


40 
40 
40 
64 
20 


Guns. 

28 

'i4 
34 
32 
30 


Guns. 
27 
18 
18 
18 
14 


Mcrehanti 
yiired. 
(Urns.       GunB. 


14 

14 

14 
14 
14 


40 
40 
36 
40 


X.B.— These  would  aggregate  81  vessels. 


APPENDIX  II. 

"  Life  of  Henrietta,  daughter  of  Charles  I.  and  Duchess  of 

Orleans,"  by  Mrs.  H.  Ady,  p.  199.    Charles's  letter  to  his 

sister,  December  15,  1664,  says:  "Since  my  last  to  you  we 

have  taken  many  more  Duch  (sic)  ships  ;  the  truth  is,  hardly 

any  escapes  us  that  passe  through  the  Chanell.     I  beloeve 

we  have  taken  already  above  fouer  score,"  etc.,  etc.    P.  202, 

January,  1665,  same  to  same:   "I  perceive  that  van  Ben- 

ninghen  does  use  all  possible  artes  and  trickes  to  make  me 

appeare  the  aggressour,  but  if  you  have  read  over  the  printed 

paper  I  sent  you,  you  will  clearly  findo  the  contrary,  and 

that  'tis  the  Dutch  has  begun  with  us,  which  now  playnly 

appeares  by  what  de  Kutter  has  done  in  Guinny,  and  I  am 

sure  there  is  nothing  in  the  King  of  France's  treaty  that 

obleeges  him  to  second  them  if  they  be  the  attaquers." 

The  above  was  written  on  the  assumption,  which  Charles 
knew  to  be  false,  that  de  Kuyter  had  attacked  English 
settlements  unprovoked. 

Another  letter,  p.  204,  January  12,  1665,  however  became 
necessary,  and  the  king  says  :  "The  Duch  Ambassadore  did 
yesterday,  in  discourse  with  me,  say  that  de  Rutter  had  orders 
from  the  States  to  goe  for  Guiny,  which  he  never  acknow- 
ledged before,  and  I  believe  it  came  out  before  he  thought 
of  it  I  put  Holmes  into  the  Tower  for  his  takeing  of  Cape 
Verd  without  orders,  .  .  .  and  that  was  done  by  a  privat 
captaine  without  authority,"  etc.,  etc. 


h 


i%» 


254 


APPENDIX. 


Thn  argument  is  curious  heri .  Charles's  people  have  been 
takiiig  Dutch  ships  almost  every  day.  England  still  re- 
taining the  Dutch  West  African  possessions  she  had  taken 
by  force,  and  yet  de  Kuyter  is  not  even  allowed  to  regain 
those  colonies  for  the  Dutch  ! 

Another  letter,  at  p.  207,  date  February  27,  1665,  is 
interesting  as  an  exhibition  of  the  king's  Billingsgate. 
"You  know  the  old  say  ins-  in  England,  the  more  ...  is 
stirred  the  more  it  stinku.,  and  i  do  not  care  .  .  .  for  any- 
thing a  Duch  man  sayes  of  mo,  and  so  I  thinke  you  have 
enough  of  this  dirty  subject  which  nothing  but  a  stinking 
Duch  man  could  have  V-  '^'  ^^^-^  cause  of."  And  this  was 
written  by  the  man  wno  had  so  warmly  expressed  his 
sensibility  of  the  kindness  ho  had  received  from  the  Dutch 
in  liis  exile,  and  wlio  now  called  himself  almost  the  only 
man  in  his  kingdom  who  did  not  desire  war! 


APPENDIX  III. 

In  the  "Memorials  of  Penn."  p.  318,  the  details  of  Was- 
senaar's  fleet,  May  23,  1665,  arc  given  from  "Description 
Exacte  des  Guerres,  etc.,  Amsterdam,  1668."  They  may  be 
epitomized  as  follows  :— 


1st  Squadron. 

Opdam  (Wassenaar). 

Guns.  Men. 

Flagship  Conmrd       84  500 

0)  (?) 

(N.B.— Names  omit-  62  260 

ted  for  brevity.)     78  450 

62  250 

60  250 

56  230 

50  230 

(?)  (?) 

46  220 

48  210 

48  200 

40.  180 

38  160 

18  80 


2iO)  Squadron. 
J.  Evertszoon. 

Guns.  BIcn. 

(N.B.— Names  omit-  78  300 

ted  for  brevity.)    52  204 

(?)  (?) 

75  450 

60  250 

44  200 

44  200 

44  200 

38  180 

32  130 

(?)  (?) 

(?)  (?) 

20  131 

24  125 


il 


■trjHjnif.m.,^ft,,-j„iaM.ataBiaiai£JAiiJtlB 


t 


256 


APPENDIX. 


3ri)  Squadron'. 
Cortenaar. 


15  Ships 


GuDf^.     Men. 
71 '4     ;iti05 


4tii  S( 


N'. 


Stellingwerf. 

Giiiis.    Mill. 
15  Ships-  50O     I'^itl 

'  Guus  not  j^iven  of  tlncc 
of  thef!:e. 


5th  Squai 
Cornelia  van  Tromp. 

Guns.    IMen. 


17  Ships'^  774     3210 

'  Guns  and  moti  nf  one 

ship  not  -ivcu. 


6th  Squadron. 

C.  Evertszoon. 

Guns.    Men. 
18  Ships*  374     1720 

*  Guns  and  men  of  ueven 

ships  not  given. 

Schram. 

Guuij.     Men 
IG  Ships*  693    3273 

*  Guns  and  men  of  one 

ship  not  given. 

8th  Squadron. 

Not  in  the  Battle. 

Guns.    Men. 
9  Ships"  258     1093 

*  Guns  and  men  of  two 

ships  not  given. 


! 


APPENDIX  IV. 

A  VERY  curious  work,  "Angliae  Notitia,  or,  the  Present 
State  of  England,"  by  Chamberlayne, "  1671-1673,"  etc.,  gives 
the  following  list  of  British  warships  forming  the  navy  in 
1671.  The  names  of  most  of  the  ships,  and  the  number  of 
men  carried,  are  omitted  in  most  cfises  in  this  extract  for  the 
sake  of  brevity. 

l*  IRST"RATE8. 

Men.  Guns. 
Charles  550       80 

Prinee  600       84 

Sovereign  700     100 


Third-rates — continued. 

Men.  Guns.  Guna.  Guns. 
(?)     (?)     5ij         52 
230     48     50Ru2urt.(?) 
52     52 


g 

SECOND 

-RATES. 

ForiiTH. 

■RATES. 

Men. 

Guns 

Men.  Guns. 

300 

56 

340       60 

Guns. 

Guns. 

Guns. 

Guns. 

300 

66 

350       04 

40 

32 

40 

38 

380 

64 

(?)        76 

40 

38 

40 

38 

350 

60 

320       56 

40 

40 

40 

30 

500 

64 

320       56 

24 

40 

44 

40 

500 

70 

320       50 

30 

38 

44 

40 

:]40 

bQSt.Michael  {?){?) 

32 

44 

38 
36 

40 
32 

40 

38 

Third- 

RATES. 

36 

30 

44 

38 

Men. 

Guns. 

GiinB.  Gun  P.       j 

40 

40 

34 

38 

240 

54 

50         50 

40 

30 

40 

44 

240 

52 

52         52 

40 

44 

36 

230 

48 

48         52 

40 

38 

38 

fl 


8 


■  u 


258 


APPENDIX. 

FiJTH-RATES. 

Sixth-bates. 

Guns. 

Guhb. 

G 11118. 

Guns. 

(luns. 

(iiine. 

a  una. 

Gimfc 

26 

20 

22 

')•) 

14 

14 

10 

18 

26 

22 

24 

12 

10 

10 

8 

24 

2U 

*>•! 

24 

12 

12 

6 

6 

26 

22 

22 

2M 

It' 

12 

12 

12 

20 

26 

■>') 

>') 

8 

12 

6 

22 

2(1 

'>2 

■  •  1 

6 

8 

(?) 

12 

14 

20 

22 

26 

12 

6 

8 

12 

4k»  «Mi 

Round 

(^)22 

26 

4 

i't 

(?) 

11 

32 

16 

-_ 

26 

6 

6 

12 

16 

In  167;>-74  four  new  first-rates  were  built,  viz.  Boyal 
James,  Prhiee,  St.  Andrew,  and  London,  also  three  third-rates. 

Chamberlayne  Bays  there  were  9725  parishes  (in  England 
at  this  time),  and  allowing  80  families  to  each  parish,  there 
will  be  778,000  families,  to  each  family  seven  persons,  there 
will  be  found  in  all  5,446,000  souls,  and  amongst  them 
1,000,000  of  fighting  men." 


rmiXTED  BI   WILLIAM  iLOWEs  ASl»  aO^S,   LmiitU,   WSWM  ABD  lUBOCLlS, 


n  J 
■I 
if  I 


), 


li 


|liS^&jife'a!riifc^J^jf^^  e^^gi^^^*^^ 


^g«H-,'>S»^:.:j 


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KcYau  Paul  Trench,  Triibncr.  &  CoU  Publications,     39 
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W.  Roberts  ;  Introduction  to  the  Study  oi  the  Did    Ksiamcnt,  by  \  en.  Arch- 
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CoiTERlLL,  D.D,,  and  Rev.  T.  Wmitti  vw,  P.l).     x\nuU  luhtion.     151. 
Exodus,  by  the  Rev.  Canon  Rawlinson  ;  liomilies  l)y  the  Rev.  J.   Orr     D.D., 

Rev.   D.  Youxc,  Rev.  C.  A.  Goodhart,  Rev.  J.  Uix<'UHAKr,  and   the   Rev. 

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Collins,  Rev.   Professor  A.   Cave;   IR.milies  by  the  Rev.   I'ruf.    Redford, 

Rev.  J.  A.  Macdonali),  Rev.  W.  Clarkson,  Rev.   !S.   K.  Aldridge,  and 

Rev.  McCheyne  Edgar.     Fifth  Edition.     15X. 
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BiNNiE,    D.D.,    Rev.    E.    S.    Prout,    Rev.    I).    Voi^kg,    Rev.    J.    Waitb  ; 

Introduction  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Whitelaw,  i).l;.      1'  lUh  Edition.     15^. 
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Clemance,    D.D.,  Rev.   J.  Orr.    D.D.,  Rev.  R.    M.  Edgar,   Rev.  J.  D. 

Da  VIES.     F'oiirlh  Edition.     151. 
Joshua,  by  the  Rev.  J.  J.  LlAS  ;  Homilies  by  the  Rev.   S.   R.   Ali.ridge    Rev. 

R.   Glover,   Rev.    E.  DE  Pressens£,  D.D.,    Rev.  J.  Waitk,    Rev.    W.   F. 

Adeney;   introduction  by  the   Rev.   A.    Fllmmer,   D.D.      Sixth   Edition. 

I2.f.  6J. 

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D.D.  ;  Homilies  l>y  the  Rev.  A.  F.  Muir,  Rev.  W.  F.  Adeney,  Rev.  W.  M. 

Statiiam,  and  Rev.  Prof.  J.  Thomson.     Fifth  Edition,      lo^-.  6./.    . 
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Rev.  Donald  Eraser,  D.D.,  Rev.  Prof.  Chapman,  Rev.  Ik  Dale,  and  Rev. 

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D.D.,  Rev.  J.  Waite,  Rev.  A.  Rowland,  Rev,  J.  A.  Macdonald,  and  Rev. 

J.  UR«iUHART,     Fifth  Edition.     15J. 
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Rev.  1),  Thomas,  D.D.,  .ind  Rev,  C.  H.  Irwin.     Second  lulition.     15J. 

1  Chronicles,  by  the   Rev.   Prof.   P.  C.  Barker;    Homilies  l)y  the  Rev.  Prof. 

J.  R.  Thomson,  Rev.  R.  Tuck,  Rev.  W.  Clar  Kev.   I'.  Whitfield, 

and  Rev.  Richard  Glover.     Second  Eilition.     15.S. 

2  Chronicles,  by  the    Rev.  Philip   C.  Barker  ;    Homilies    by  the  Rev.    W. 

Clarkson  and  Rev.  T.  Whitelaw,  D.D.     Second  Edition.     15^. 

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by  the  Kev,  I'rof.  I.  R.  Thomson,  R.  v.  Trof.  K.  A.  Redford,  Rev.  W.  S. 
lWis,  Rev.  J.   A.    Macdonald,  K  .  Mac  kennai.,    Rev.  W.  Clark- 

son, Rev.  F.  Hastings,  Rev.  W.  Dinwiddik,  Rev.  Prof.  Rowlands,  Rev. 
G.  Wood,  Rev.  Prof.  P.  C  Barker,  and  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Exell.  Seventh 
Edition.     121.  6</. 

Job,  by  the  Rev.  Canon  G.  Rawlinson.  Homilies  by  the  Rev,  T,  Whitelaw, 
D.\}.,  the  Rev.  I  rof.  E.  Johnson,  the  Rev.  Prof.  W.  F.  Adeney,  and  the  Rev. 

tVt  \^R.EEN»      21  J. 

Psalms,  by  Rev.  Canon  G.   RAWLINSON.     Homilies  by  Rev.    E.    R.   Conder. 

D.l).,  Rev.  W.  Clarkson,  Rev.  C.  Cl!:man(  e,  D.D.,  Rev.  W.   Forsyth, 

D.D.,  Rev.  C.  Short,  D.D.,  Rev.  S.  C  v,  and  Rev.  R,  Tuck. 

Proverbs,   by  the  Rev.  W,  J.  Deane  and  tlie  Kev.   S.   T.  Taylor-Tasweli.. 

Homilies  by  the  Rev.  l»rof.  W.  F.  Aden|:y,  the  Rev.  Prof.  K.  Johnson,  and 

the  Rev.  W.  Clarkson.     Second  Edition,     15J. 
Ecclesiastes  and  Song  of  Solomon,  by  the  Rev.  w.  j.  Deane  and  Rev. 

i'rof.  K.  A.  Rediord.  Homilies  by  the  Rev.  T.  Whitelaw^  D.D.,  Rev. 
B.  C.  Caffin,  Rev,  IVof.  J.  R.  Thomson,  Rev.  S.  Conway,  Rev.  D.  Davies, 
Rev.  W.  Clarkson,  and  Rev.  J.  Willcock.    2Ij. 


40     Kci^an  Ptuil,  Trcuil\  Iruoner,  &*  Co*s  Pttblicaiions, 
Pulpit  Commentary;  The  (Old  Testament  Series)— 

Isaiah,    !»y  ihc   Kev.    Car-              \{\\\  ■           n  ;    Homilies  by  the  Rev.    Prof.    E. 
J'tHNSox,  Rev,,    ^^'    Clakk><,'N,  Rev.   v* .    M.    ^^■■'  ■ .•     ani  Rev.    R.   TuCK, 

'riiird  Rditinn.      _    .   .h.   \^<:.  rirfi 

Jeremiah  and   Lamentatioria,    7  .      i- ..  Camm  T.  K.  v  .,,,,>  k,  d.d.  ; 

Iloini]".--    I'v   th"    Kev.  l*r.if.,    f.    R.    1'it'>M-:. v\.    Rev.   W.     F.    ADEXEV,    Kev. 


A.    1 

Fourth    1  -15 

Ezelciel, 

!•.  Am-  NhV,  Uic  Kcv.  rin! 
\V.  J  MM  '  ■'       '•         \\ 

I  Avv,  I  >  f 

Daniel,  ^  •  . 

Al*EN.   .,  ..    1!„    '!'.    !-::^- 

Hosea  an  i  Joel,    ..    ■     ^ 

IVof,    I.     \{,    '|*H..\!>M\,     k- 

D. :  .  1 ).  1 


J,  Waite.    2 


\  >.  I  >.    II.  tmilies  by  the  Rev.  Prof.  \V. 

N,  the  J.  I).  DAVifcs,  the  Rev. 

Inif Oil uci lull  by  the  Rev.  T.  White- 

f.   I).  Dvvij..^. 


'     ^  III.;  ilomilic-  .._>    ilie  Kev. 

JEKDAN,    Rev.    J.    OrK, 

.  1 .      15.. 

Amos,  Obadiah,  Jonah,  and  Micah.  iv  the  Rev,  w.  r.  Dfane;  Homilies 

-   j-    l'-!'i..\k   1!.  •;  J.   K.    Ti!'  \,   Rev.   S.   D. 

I  in, i. MAN,    Kc  li    TtloMA.,   Rev.   A.  C.  TmsELTON, 

K^-v.    1'',.    "^      "'■  K,CV.   W,  <  '      '■■"  AIKIE.       15i. 

Nahum,   '  l'^v\.    \  Dlwi..      Ilomilics,   by   llic   Kev.   T.    WniTELAW, 

Rev.  .s.    I',   ilii'"'-  '■     "    ■     !  I.  THiiMAS.      It 

Pulpit  Commentary,  The  (New  iebuuiient  Series),    i  viucd  by  ihe  Very  ivcv. 

II.   n.  M.  Mh\.  '•     I'  "        "  !  Rev.   !  ■-'  =11  h.  h.VELL. 

St.    Matthew,    1 L.   \\...,  .ms.      HoniiUes  by  the  Rev.   B.   C. 

Cai-j-'in,  Kev.  1  V.  i  „  .\i)ENEV.  Rev.  P.  C.  Rarker,  Rev.  M.  DoDS,  D.D., 

Rev.  J.  A.  y  :id  Rev.  K,    .:                                      ;..:h. 

St.  Mark,  by  tlu-  p,^,;^p.|,|j^  U  j )   .    Homilies  by  the 

K'-v.    Prof.   j.    i  Kcx.    :                                 ,    lU).,   Rev.    Prof.   E. 

Johnson,  Rev.  A.  1x(Avlam>,  \\k:\.  A,  1  .  Miik,  and  Kev,  K.  Green.    Sixth 

I''''i!!.''n.     2  '.'i:.''':.  ioj.  6(1  each. 

St.   Luke.  I -y    il'^     '^  cry    Re-     '  '    u\    11.    ^^     M.   .s.  i-..-  r,  ,  iiouuiie^    uy   ilic  Kev. 
j.    M\k'^ifAii    Lanc,   I)  iv.   W  \i:k<on,    nmj    Rev.    K.    M.    Vtuz\-r, 

>  2  vols. 

St.  John,    I'V  the  Kev.    Pr«if.   H.   K.    1  Homilies  by  the  Rev. 

•l*ro*.  T.  '  iv,;v.  I'r.  ;  .  Kev.  1).  YouNG,  Rev. 

B.  TnoMA-.,  ami  lxv\.  w.  i.kow  n.      i  huil  lAiiUuii.     2  vols.  15..-.  each. 

The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,   i>y  Uie  Ris^lu  Kev.  Bi>hop  of  Bath  and  Wells  ; 

fl,.n,,i;,.  i,y   ijn-    l^^,y^  i.,-,,f^    p_  £^  BARKKk,   Kev.  Prof.   E.  Johnsox,   Rev. 
i'r  A.  Kkih-ORI',  Kev.  K.    TfCK,    Kev.  W.    ("iarksox.      Fifth   IMifi-.n. 

2  vols.  10.V.  6:.  e:\ch. 

Romans,    bv  tlu-   Kev.   J.   l  :    Uomilies  Ivy  Rev.  Prof.  J.   R.  THOMSON, 

Kf-  !1.    I  RUIN,    Kc\.    i.  i-.  Lo.  KYER,  Rev.  S.  K.  Aldridge,  and  Rev. 

R.  M.  i:.i.m;ar,      15  \ 

Corinthians   and  Galatians,  by  the    \en.   Archdeacon  Farrar,    D.D.,    and 
Rev.     rrebei'di.v    }\     HiXTAULE;     Hotuilies    by   the    Rev.    Ex-Chancellor 

I.irs.  OMR,  I  r.  Thomas,  D.D.,  Rev.  Donald  Eraser,  D.L).,  Rev. 

Ix.  Ti'<  K,  k  ii,  kev.  Prof.  J.  K.  THOMSON,   Rev.  R.  FlNLAY- 

.sox,   Kev.    \V.  I.  M.  EDt;AR,  and  Rev.  T.   Croskery, 

I>.  k).    2  vols.    \'ol  i.,  ci  luatrani;  i.  Lurinthians,  Fifth  Edition,  15.?.    Vol.  IL, 
containing  Corinthians  and  (lalatians,  Secoml  Edition,  2lj. 

Ephesians,    Philippians,  -and    Colossians,   by  the  Rtr,   Prof.   W.   G. 

Blaikie,  D.I)..  Kev.    1;.  C.   Caffix,  and  Kev.  G.  G.  Fixulay  ;  Homilies  by 
the    Kev.    1 ).    ']  n.i>.,    Kev.    K.   ^k   Edgar,    Kev.   R.    FixLAVSON. 

Rev.  W.   F.    A  .    Vic^L  T  1  -'..    k).l).,   Rev.  E.  S.  Prout, 

Rev.    Can-n    \'i  ;.:mj.\    iivnoy,  ana    .,  LA   R.    Thomas,  D.D.      Third 

Edition.     21  . 


KeganPaul,  Trench,  Trubner,  &  Co.'s  Publicatiotis.     41 

Pulpit  Commentary,  The  (New  Testament  Series)- 

Thessalonians,    Timothy,    Titus,   and   Philemon,   i.y   the   Richt    R^v 

B.shup   01   1;atm    an,l    Wei.ls,   Rev.    Dr.     Gi.OAC,    ind    Rev     Dr^  Ea-e,- 

CRos;^^»^  Vn-  ^V"-   \';A;;'^"''^'   '^^^••'^-   t'N- avson'    Rev  ■  ]W    t' 

?,.oMA,   n  n      Q '^"•,  1/7 ■  ■"■  ''  '^••■'-  ^^'^  *!•  y^THVM,  ..nd  Rev.  D 

IHOMAS,  D.D.     Second  Edition.      15.?.  '  *      ' 

Hebrews  and  James,  by  the  Rev.  J.   Barmhy,  and  Rev.  Prebendarv  E   V  q 

r;;;:nv  '^^"""^^  ^'^'\  ^'^^^   C-  J^^^^^^N  ^d    Kev.    I'rJ^da^T'c"  S* 
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